Comparison of programming languages (string functions)

String functions are used in computer programming languages to manipulate a string or query information about a string.[]
Most programming languages that have a string datatype will have some string functions although there may be other low-level ways within each language to handle strings directly. In object-oriented languages, string functions are often implemented as properties and methods of string objects. In functional and list-based languages a string is represented as a list, therefore all list-manipulation procedures could be considered string functions. However such languages may implement a subset of explicit string-specific functions as well.
For function that manipulate strings, modern object-oriented languages, like C# and Java have immutable strings and return a copy, while others, like C manipulate the original string unless the programmer copies data to a new string. See for example [|Concatenation] below.
The most basic example of a string function is the length function. This function returns the length of a string literal.
Other languages may have string functions with similar or exactly the same syntax or parameters or outcomes. For example, in many languages the length function is usually represented as len. The below list of common functions aims to help limit this confusion.

Common string functions (multi language reference)

String functions common to many languages are listed below, including the different names used. The below list of common functions aims to help programmers find the equivalent function in a language. Note, string concatenation and regular expressions are handled in separate pages. Statements in guillemets are optional.

CharAt

Definition	`charAt` returns character.
Description	Returns character at index in the string.
Equivalent	See [\|substring] of length 1 character.

var
MyStr: string = 'Hello, World';
MyChar: Char;
begin
MyChar := MyStr; // 'e'


 Example in ALGOL 68 #
"Hello, World"; // 'e'

// Example in C# and Ya
"Hello, World"; // 'l'

Example in Perl 5

substr; # 'e'

Examples in Python

"Hello, World" # 'l'
"Hello, World" # 'r'

Example in Raku

"Hello, World".substr; # 'e'

' Example in Visual Basic
Mid

' Example in Visual Basic.NET
"Hello, World".Chars ' "l"c

" Example in Smalltalk "
'Hello, World' at: 2. "$e"

//Example in Rust
"Hello, World".chars.nth; //'l'

Compare (integer result)

Format	Languages
`IF string₁<string₂ THEN -1 ELSE ABS FI`	ALGOL 68
`cmp`	Python 2
`-`	Python
`strcmp`	C, PHP
`std.string.cmp`	D
`StrComp`	VB, Object Pascal
`string₁ cmp string₂`	Perl, Raku
`string₁ compare: string₂`	Smalltalk
`string₁ <=> string₂`	Ruby
`string₁.compare`	C++, Swift
`compare`	Rexx, Seed7
`CompareStr`	Pascal, Object Pascal
`string₁.compareTo`	Cobra, Java
`string₁.CompareTo`	VB.NET, C#, F#
	Clojure
	Common Lisp
	Scheme
	ISLISP
`compare string₁ string₂`	OCaml
`String.compare`	Standard ML
`compare string₁ string₂`	Haskell
`::Compare`	Windows PowerShell
	Objective-C
`LLT LLE LGT LGE`	Fortran
`string₁.localeCompare`	JavaScript
`bytes.Compare, byte)`	Go
`string compare ?-nocase? ?-length int? string₁ string₂`	Tcl
`compare`	PL/I

Example in Perl 5

"hello" cmp "world"; # returns -1

Example in Python

cmp # returns -1

Examples in Raku

"hello" cmp "world"; # returns Less
"world" cmp "hello"; # returns More
"hello" cmp "hello"; # returns Same

/** Example in Rexx */
compare /* returns index of mismatch: 1 */

; Example in Scheme
; returns index of mismatch: 0

Compare (relational operator-based, Boolean result)

Format	Languages
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `=, <>, <, >, <=` and `>=`	Pascal, Object Pascal, OCaml, Seed7, Standard ML, BASIC, VB, VB.NET, F#
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `=, /=, ≠, <, >, <=, ≤` and `≥`; Also: `EQ, NE, LT, LE, GE` and `GT`	ALGOL 68
, where `OP` can be any of `=, -ci=, <, -ci<, >, -ci>, <=, -ci<=, >=` and `-ci>=`	Scheme
, where `OP` can be any of `=, -ci=, <>, -ci<>, <, -ci<, >, -ci>, <=, -ci<=, >=` and `-ci>=`	Scheme
, where `OP` can be any of `=, -equal, /=, -not-equal, <, -lessp, >, -greaterp, <=, -not-greaterp, >=` and `-not-lessp`	Common Lisp
, where `OP` can be any of `=, /=, <, >, <=,` and `>=`	ISLISP
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `=, \=, <, >, <=` and `>=`	Rexx
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `=, ¬=, <, >, <=, >=, ¬<` and `¬>`	PL/I
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `=, /=, <, >, <=` and `>=`	Ada
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `, /=, <, >, =<` and `>=`	Erlang
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `, /=, <, >, <=` and `>=`	Haskell
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `eq, ne, lt, gt, le` and `ge`	Perl, Raku
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `, !=, <, >, <=` and `>=`	C++, C#, D, Go, JavaScript, Python, PHP, Ruby, Swift, Ya
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `-eq, -ceq, -ne, -cne, -lt, -clt, -gt, -cgt, -le, -cle, -ge,` and `-cge`	Windows PowerShell
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `, ~=, <, >, <=` and `>=`	Lua
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `=, ~=, <, >, <=` and `>=`	Smalltalk
`string₁ OP string₂`, where `OP` can be any of `, /=, <, >, <=` and `>=; Also:.EQ.,.NE.,.LT.,.LE.,.GT.` and `.GE.`	Fortran.
`string₁ OP string₂` where `OP` can be any of `=, <>, <, >, <=, >=` as well as worded equivalents	COBOL
`string₁ OP string₂` where `OP` can be any of `, <>, <, >, <=` and `>=`	Cobra
`string₁ OP string₂` is available in the syntax, but means comparison of the pointers pointing to the strings, not of the string contents. Use the Compare function.	C, Java

% Example in Erlang
"hello" > "world". % returns false

Example in Raku

"art" gt "painting"; # returns False
"art" lt "painting"; # returns True

Example in Windows PowerShell

"hello" -gt "world" # returns false

;; Example in Common Lisp
; returns nil
; returns non nil

Concatenation

Definition	`concatenate` returns string.
Description	Concatenates two strings to each other, returning the combined string. Note that some languages like C have mutable strings, so really the second string is being appended to the first string and the mutated string is returned.

Format	Languages
`string₁ & string₂`	Ada, FreeBASIC, Seed7, BASIC, VB, VB.NET, COBOL
`strcat`	C, C++
`string₁. string₂`	Perl, PHP
`string₁ + string₂`	ALGOL 68, C++, C#, Cobra, FreeBASIC, Go, Pascal, Object Pascal, Java, JavaScript, Windows PowerShell, Python, Ruby, Rust, F#, Swift, Turing, VB, Ya
`string₁ ~ string₂`	D, Raku
	Scheme, ISLISP
	Common Lisp
	Clojure
`string₁ \|\| string₂`	Rexx, SQL, PL/I
`string₁ // string₂`	Fortran
`string₁ ++ string₂`	Erlang, Haskell
`string₁ ^ string₂`	OCaml, Standard ML, F#
	Objective-C
`string₁.. string₂`	Lua
`string₁, string₂`	Smalltalk, APL
`string₁ string₂`	SNOBOL
`string₁string₂`	Bash shell
`string₁ <> string₂`	Mathematica
concat string₁ string₂	Tcl

'abc' + 'def'; // returns "abcdef"

// Example in C#
"abc" + "def"; // returns "abcdef"

' Example in Visual Basic
"abc" & "def" ' returns "abcdef"
"abc" + "def" ' returns "abcdef"
"abc" & Null ' returns "abc"
"abc" + Null ' returns Null

// Example in D
"abc" ~ "def"; // returns "abcdef"

;; Example in common lisp
; returns "abc def ghi"

Example in Perl 5

"abc" ~ "def"; # returns "abcdef"
"Perl " ~ 5; # returns "Perl 5"

Example in Raku

"abc" ~ "def"; # returns "abcdef"
"Perl " ~ 6; # returns "Raku"

Contains

Definition	`contains` returns boolean
Description	Returns whether string contains substring as a substring. This is equivalent to using [\|Find] and then detecting that it does not result in the failure condition listed in the third column of the Find section. However, some languages have a simpler way of expressing this test.
Related	Find

¢ Example in ALGOL 68 ¢
string in string; ¢ returns true ¢
string in string; ¢ returns false ¢

// Example In C#
"Hello mate".Contains; // returns true
"word".Contains; // returns false

Example in Python

"e" in "Hello mate" # returns true
"z" in "word" # returns false

Example in Raku

"Good morning!".contains # returns False
"¡Buenos días!".contains; # returns True

" Example in Smalltalk "
'Hello mate' includesSubstring: 'e' " returns true "
'word' includesSubstring: 'z' " returns false "

Equality

Tests if two strings are equal. See also [|#Compare] and #Compare. Note that doing equality checks via a generic [|Compare with integer result] is not only confusing for the programmer but is often a significantly more expensive operation; this is especially true when using "C-strings".

Format	Languages
`string₁ string₂`	Python, C++, C#, Cobra, Go, JavaScript, PHP, Ruby, Erlang, Haskell, Lua, D, Mathematica, Swift, Ya
`string₁ string₂`	JavaScript, PHP
`string₁ string₂ or string₁.EQ. string₂`	Fortran
`strcmp 0`	C
	Scheme
	Common Lisp, ISLISP
`string₁ = string₂`	ALGOL 68, Ada, Object Pascal, OCaml, Pascal, Rexx, Seed7, Standard ML, BASIC, VB, VB.NET, F#, Smalltalk, PL/I, COBOL
`test string₁ = string₂, or`	Bourne Shell
`string₁ eq string₂`	Perl, Raku
`string₁.equals`	Cobra, Java
`string₁.Equals`	C#
`string₁ -eq string₂, or ::Equals`	Windows PowerShell
`, or`	Objective-C
`string₁ ≡ string₂`	APL

// Example in C#
"hello" "world" // returns false

' Example in Visual Basic
"hello" = "world" ' returns false

Examples in Perl 5

'hello' eq 'world' # returns 0
'hello' eq 'hello' # returns 1

Examples in Raku

'hello' eq 'world' # returns False
'hello' eq 'hello' # returns True

Example in Windows PowerShell

"hello" -eq "world" # returns false

⍝ Example in APL
'hello' ≡ 'world' ⍝ returns 0

Find

Definition	`find` returns integer
Description	Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of substring in string. If the substring is not found most of these routines return an invalid index value – -1 where indexes are 0-based, 0 where they are 1-based – or some value to be interpreted as Boolean FALSE.
Related	instrrev

; Examples in Common Lisp
; returns 1
; returns NIL

// Examples in C#
"Hello mate".IndexOf; // returns 1
"Hello mate".IndexOf; // returns 9
"word".IndexOf; // returns -1

Examples in Raku

"Hello, there!".index # returns 1
"Hello, there!".index # returns Nil

; Examples in Scheme
; returns 1
; returns #f

' Examples in Visual Basic
InStr ' returns 2
InStr ' returns 10
InStr ' returns 0

" Examples in Smalltalk "
'Hello mate' indexOfSubCollection:'ate' "returns 8"
'Hello mate' indexOfSubCollection:'late' "returns 0"
I'Hello mate'
indexOfSubCollection:'late'
ifAbsent: "returns 99"
'Hello mate'
indexOfSubCollection:'late'
ifAbsent: "raises an exception"

Find character

Definition	`find_character` returns integer
Description	Returns the position of the start of the first occurrence of the character char in string. If the character is not found most of these routines return an invalid index value – -1 where indexes are 0-based, 0 where they are 1-based – or some value to be interpreted as Boolean FALSE. This can be accomplished as a special case of #Find, with a string of one character; but it may be simpler or more efficient in many languages to locate just one character. Also, in many languages, characters and strings are different types, so it is convenient to have such a function.
Related	find

// Examples in C#
"Hello mate".IndexOf; // returns 1
"word".IndexOf // returns -1

; Examples in Common Lisp
; returns 1
; returns NIL

Given a set of characters, SCAN returns the position of the first character found, while VERIFY returns the position of the first character that does not belong to the set.

Format

Definition	`format` returns string
Description	Returns the formatted string representation of one or more items.

// Example in C#
String.Format; // returns "My pen costs $19.99"

// Example in Object Pascal
Format; // returns "My pen costs $19.99"

// Example in Java
String.format; // returns "My pen costs $19.99"

Examples in Raku

sprintf "My %s costs \$%.2f", "pen", 19.99; # returns "My pen costs $19.99"
1.fmt; # returns "0001"

Example in Python

"My %s costs $%.2f" % ; # returns "My pen costs $19.99"
"My costs $".format; # returns "My pen costs $19.99"

; Example in Scheme
; returns "My pen costs $19.99"


/* example in PL/I */
put string edit
/* returns "My pen costs $19.99" */

Inequality

Tests if two strings are not equal. See also #Equality.

Format	Languages
`string₁ ne string₂, or string₁ NE string₂`	ALGOL 68 – note: the operator "ne" is literally in bold type-font.
`string₁ /= string₂`	ALGOL 68, Ada, Erlang, Fortran, Haskell
`string₁ <> string₂`	BASIC, VB, VB.NET, Pascal, Object Pascal, OCaml, PHP, Seed7, Standard ML, F#, COBOL, Cobra, Python 2
`string₁ # string₂`	BASIC
`string₁ ne string₂`	Perl, Raku
	Scheme
	Common Lisp
	ISLISP
	Clojure
`string₁ != string₂`	C++, C#, Go, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby, Swift, D, Mathematica
`string₁ ! string₂`	JavaScript, PHP
`string₁ \= string₂`	Rexx
`string₁ ¬= string₂`	PL/I
`test string₁ != string₂, or`	Bourne Shell
`string₁ -ne string₂, or -not ::Equals`	Windows PowerShell
`string₁ ~= string₂`	Lua, Smalltalk
`string₁ ≢ string₂`	APL

// Example in C#
"hello" != "world" // returns true

' Example in Visual Basic
"hello" <> "world" ' returns true

;; Example in Clojure
; ⇒ true

Example in Perl 5

'hello' ne 'world' # returns 1

Example in Raku

'hello' ne 'world' # returns True

Example in Windows PowerShell

"hello" -ne "world" # returns true

index

see #Find

indexof

see #Find

instr

see #Find

instrrev

see #rfind

join

Format Languages

std.string.join D

string:join Erlang

join Perl, PHP, Raku

implode PHP

separator.join Python, Swift 1.x

array_of_strings.join Ruby, JavaScript, Raku

Scheme

Common Lisp

Clojure

strings.Join Go

join Seed7

String.concat separator list_of_strings OCaml

String.concatWith separator list_of_strings Standard ML

Data.List.intercalate separator list_of_strings Haskell

Join VB

String.Join VB.NET, C#, F#

String.join Java 8+

&, or array_of_strings -join separator Windows PowerShell

Objective-C

table.concat Lua

lastindexof
see #rfindleft
Format Languages
string Ada
substr AWK, Perl, PHP, Raku
LEFT$ BASIC, VB
left VB, FreeBASIC, Ingres, Pick Basic
strncpy C standard library
string.substr C++, Raku
Objective-C 
Clojure
string D
string:substr Erlang
Common Lisp
string Cobra, Go, Python
left Rexx, Erlang
string 
 string Ruby
string Pick Basic
string Seed7
string.Substring VB.NET, C#, Windows PowerShell, F#
leftstr Pascal, Object Pascal 
copy Turbo Pascal
string.substring Java, JavaScript
Scheme 
take n string Haskell
String.extract Standard ML
String.sub string 0 n OCaml
string. F#
string.sub 
 :sub Lua
string first: n Smalltalk 
string Fortran
StringTake Mathematica
string COBOL
string.substring Cobra
n↑string. APL


 Example in Raku
"Hello, there!".substr; # returns "Hello,"


/* Examples in Rexx */
left /* returns "abc" */
left /* returns "abcde " */
left /* returns "abcde***" */


; Examples in Scheme
 ; returns "abc" 
 ; error


' Examples in Visual Basic
Left ' returns "san" 
Left ' returns "sandroguidi"


// Examples in Ya
"abcde" // returns "abc"
"abcde" // returns "abcde"
len
see #lengthlength
Format Returns Languages -
string'Length Ada -
UPB string ALGOL 68 -
length Ingres, Perl 5, Pascal, Object Pascal, Rexx, Seed7, SQL, PL/I -
len BASIC, FreeBASIC, Python, Go, Pick Basic -
length, string:len Erlang -
Len VB, Pick Basic -
string.Length Number of 16-bit UTF-16-encoded blocks VB.NET, C#, Windows PowerShell, F# -
chars 
 string.chars Number of graphemes Raku -
codes 
 string.codes Number of Unicode code points Raku -
string.size OR string.length Number of bytes Ruby -
strlen Number of bytes C, PHP -
string.length C++ -
string.length Cobra, D, JavaScript -
string.length Number of 16-bit UTF-16-encoded blocks Java -
Scheme -
Common Lisp, ISLISP -
Clojure -
String.length string OCaml -
size string Standard ML -
length string Number of Unicode codepoints Haskell -
string.length Number of 16-bit UTF-16-encoded blocks Objective-C -
string.characters.count Number of characters Swift -
count Number of characters Swift -
countElements Number of characters Swift -
string.len 
 :len 
 #string Lua -
string size Smalltalk -
LEN, or LEN_TRIM Fortran -
StringLength Mathematica -
Length or
Size number of bytes as $int+ Ya -
«FUNCTION» LENGTH or
«FUNCTION» BYTE-LENGTH number of characters and number of bytes, respectively COBOL -
string length string a decimal string giving the number of characters Tcl -
≢ string APL 


// Examples in C#
"hello".Length; // returns 5
"".Length; // returns 0


 Examples in Erlang
string:len. % returns 5
string:len. % returns 0


 Examples in Perl 5
length; # returns 5
length; # returns 0


 Examples in Raku
"?️‍?".chars; chars "?️‍?"; # both return 1
"?️‍?".codes; codes "?️‍?"; # both return 4
"".chars; chars ""; # both return 0
"".codes; codes ""; # both return 0


' Examples in Visual Basic
Len ' returns 5
Len ' returns 0


//Examples in Objective-C
 //returns 5
 //returns 0


-- Examples in Lua
:len -- returns 5
"" -- returns 0locate
see #FindLowercase
Definition lowercase returns string
Description Returns the string in lower case.


// Example in C#
"Wiki means fast?".ToLower; // "wiki means fast?" 


; Example in Scheme
 ; "wiki means fast?"


/* Example in C */
include 
include 
int main 


 Example in Raku
"Wiki means fast?".lc; # "wiki means fast?" 
mid
see #substringpartition
Format Languages Comments
string.partition Python, Ruby 
lists:partition Erlang 
split //, string, 2 Perl 5 
split separator, string, 2 
 string.split Raku Separator does not have to be a regular expression


 Examples in Python
"Spam eggs spam spam and ham".partition # 
"Spam eggs spam spam and ham".partition # 


 Examples in Perl 5 / Raku
split //, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham',2; # ;
split //, 'Spam eggs spam spam and ham',2; # ;
replace
Format Languages
changestr Rexx
std.string.replace D
Replace VB
replace Seed7
change Pick Basic
string.Replace VB.NET, C#, F#
str_replace PHP
re:replace Erlang
string.replace Cobra, Python, Java 
string.replaceAll Java
string.gsub Ruby
string =~ s/find_regex/replace/g Perl 5
string.subst Raku
string.replace or
 string.replace JavaScript
echo "string" | sed 's/find_regex/replace/g' Unix
string.replace, or
string -replace find_regex, replace Windows PowerShell
Str.global_replace replace string OCaml
Objective-C 
string.stringByReplacingOccurrencesOfString Swift 
string.gsub 
 :gsub Lua
string copyReplaceAll: find with: replace Smalltalk 
string map string Tcl
StringReplace Mathematica
strings.Replace Go
INSPECT string REPLACING ALL/LEADING/FIRST find BY replace COBOL
find_regex ⎕R replace_regex ⊢ string APL


// Examples in C#
"effffff".Replace; // returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
"blah".Replace; // returns "blah"


// Examples in Java
"effffff".replace; // returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
"effffff".replaceAll; // returns "ejump"


// Examples in Raku
"effffff".subst; # returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
"blah".subst; # returns "blah"


' Examples in Visual Basic
Replace ' returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
Replace ' returns "blah"


 Examples in Windows PowerShell
"effffff" -replace "f", "jump" # returns "ejumpjumpjumpjumpjumpjump"
"effffff" -replace "f*", "jump" # returns "ejump"
reverse
Format Languages
reverse string Perl 5, Haskell
flip string 
 string.flip Raku
lists:reverse Erlang
strrev PHP
string Python
Scheme 
Common Lisp
string.reverse Ruby, D 
new StringBuilder.reverse.toString Java
std::reverse, string.end); C++ 
StrReverse VB
string.Reverse.ToString VB.NET, C#
implode Standard ML
string.split.reverse.join JavaScript
string.reverse 
 :reverse Lua
string reverse Smalltalk
StringReverse Mathematica
reverse PL/I
«FUNCTION» REVERSE COBOL
string.toCharArray.toList.reversed.join Cobra
String) Swift 
String Swift 
string reverse string Tcl
⌽string APL


" Example in Smalltalk "
'hello' reversed " returns 'olleh' "


 Example in Perl 5
reverse "hello" # returns "olleh"


 Example in Raku
"hello".flip # returns "olleh"


 Example in Python
"hello" # returns "olleh"


; Example in Scheme
 ; returns "olleh"
rfind
Definition rfind returns integer
Description Returns the position of the start of the last occurrence of substring in string. If the substring is not found most of these routines return an invalid index value – -1 where indexes are 0-based, 0 where they are 1-based – or some value to be interpreted as Boolean FALSE.
Related instr


; Examples in Common Lisp
 ; returns 9
 ; returns NIL


// Examples in C#
"Hello mate".LastIndexOf; // returns 9
"Hello mate".LastIndexOf; // returns 1
"word".LastIndexOf; // returns -1


 Examples in Perl 5
rindex; # returns 9
rindex; # returns 1
rindex; # returns -1


 Examples in Raku
"Hello mate".rindex; # returns 9
"Hello mate".rindex; # returns 1
"word".rindex; # returns Nil


' Examples in Visual Basic
InStrRev ' returns 10
InStrRev ' returns 2
InStrRev ' returns 0
right
Format Languages
string Ada
Right VB
RIGHT$ BASIC
right FreeBASIC, Ingres, Pick Basic
strcpy C
string.Substring C#
string Go
string.substring Java
string.slice JavaScript
right Rexx, Erlang
substr Perl 5, PHP
substr 
 string.substr Raku
string Cobra, Python
string Pick Basic
Scheme 
string Ruby, Ya
string D
String.sub string n OCaml
string.sub 
 :sub Lua
string last: n Smalltalk 
StringTake Mathematica
string COBOL
¯n↑string. APL


// Examples in Java; extract rightmost 4 characters
String str = "CarDoor";
str.substring; // returns 'Door'


 Examples in Raku
"abcde".substr; # returns "cde"
"abcde".substr; # 'out of range' error


/* Examples in Rexx */
right /* returns "cde" */
right /* returns " abcde" */
right /* returns "***abcde" */


; Examples in Scheme
 ; returns "cde" 
 ; error


' Examples in Visual Basic
Right ' returns "idi" 
Right ' returns "sandroguidi" 
rpartition
Format Languages
string.rpartition Python, Ruby


 Examples in Python
"Spam eggs spam spam and ham".rpartition ### 
"Spam eggs spam spam and ham".rpartition ### 
slice
see #substringsplit
Format Languages
split Perl 5
split 
 string.split Raku
explode PHP
string.split Python
string.split JavaScript, Java, Ruby
string:tokens Erlang
strings.Split
strings.SplitN Go
Scheme 
Split VB
string.Split VB.NET, C#, F#
string -split separator«, limit«, options»» Windows PowerShell
Str.split string OCaml
std.string.split D
Objective-C 
string.componentsSeparatedByString Swift 
TStringList.Delimiter, TStringList.DelimitedText Object Pascal
StringSplit Mathematica
string.split«» Cobra
split string separator Tcl
⊂string or separatorstring in APL2 and Dyalog APL 16.0 respectively APL


// Example in C#
"abc,defgh,ijk".Split; // 
"abc,defgh;ijk".Split; // 


% Example in Erlang
string:tokens. % 


// Examples in Java
"abc,defgh,ijk".split; // 
"abc,defgh;ijk".split; // 


var
 lStrings: TStringList;
 lStr: string;
begin
 lStrings := TStringList.Create;
 lStrings.Delimiter := ',';
 lStrings.DelimitedText := 'abc,defgh,ijk';
 lStr := lStrings.Strings; // 'abc'
 lStr := lStrings.Strings; // 'defgh'
 lStr := lStrings.Strings; // 'ijk'
end;


 Examples in Perl 5
split; # 
split; # 


 Examples in Raku
'Spam eggs spam spam and ham'.split; # 
split; # 
sprintf
see #Formatstrip
see #trimstrcmp
see #Compare substring
Definition substring returns string 
 substr returns string
Description Returns a substring of string between starting at startpos and endpos, or starting at startpos of length numChars. The resulting string is truncated if there are fewer than numChars characters beyond the starting point. endpos represents the index after the last character in the substring. Note that for variable-length encodings such as UTF-8, UTF-16 or Shift-JIS, it can be necessary to remove string positions at the end, in order to avoid invalid strings.


// Examples in C#
"abc".Substring: // returns "b"
"abc".Substring; // returns "bc"
"abc".Substring; // error


;; Examples in Common Lisp
 ; returns "b"
 ; returns "c"


% Examples in Erlang
string:substr. % returns "b"
string:substr. % returns "bc"


 Examples in Perl 5
substr; # returns "b"
substr; # returns "bc"


 Examples in Raku
"abc".substr; # returns "b"
"abc".substr; # returns "bc"


 Examples in Python
"abc" # returns "b"
"abc" # returns "bc"


/* Examples in Rexx */
substr /* returns "b" */
substr /* returns "bc" */
substr /* returns "bc " */
substr /* returns "bc****" */
Uppercase
Definition uppercase returns string
Description Returns the string in upper case.


// Example in C#
"Wiki means fast?".ToUpper; // "WIKI MEANS FAST?" 


 Example in Perl 5
uc; # "WIKI MEANS FAST?" 


 Example in Raku
uc; # "WIKI MEANS FAST?"
"Wiki means fast?".uc; # "WIKI MEANS FAST?" 


/* Example in Rexx */
translate /* "WIKI MEANS FAST?" */
/* Example #2 */
A='This is an example.'
UPPER A /* "THIS IS AN EXAMPLE." */
/* Example #3 */
A='upper using Translate Function.'
Translate UPPER VAR A Z /* Z="UPPER USING TRANSLATE FUNCTION." */


; Example in Scheme
 ; "WIKI MEANS FAST?"


' Example in Visual Basic
UCase ' "WIKI MEANS FAST?" 
trim
trim or strip is used to remove whitespace from the beginning, end, or both beginning and end, of a string.
Example usage Languages
String.Trim C#, VB.NET, Windows PowerShell
string.strip; D
Clojure
sequence trim Factor
Common Lisp
Scheme
string.trim Java, JavaScript 
Trim Pascal, QBasic, Visual Basic, Delphi
string.strip Python
strings.Trim Go
LTRIM Oracle SQL, T-SQL
strip REXX
string:strip Erlang
string.strip or string.lstrip or string.rstrip Ruby
string.trim Raku
trim PHP, Raku
Cocoa
string withBlanksTrimmed
string withoutSpaces
string withoutSeparators Smalltalk 
Smalltalk
strip SAS
string trim $string Tcl
TRIM or TRIM Fortran
TRIM SQL
TRIM or LTrim or RTrim ColdFusion
String.trim string OCaml 4+

Other languages
In languages without a built-in trim function, it is usually simple to create a custom function which accomplishes the same task.APL
can use regular expressions directly:

Trim←'^ +| +$'⎕R''

Alternatively, a functional approach combining Boolean masks that filter away leading and trailing spaces:

Trim←

Or reverse and remove leading spaces, twice:

Trim←∘⌽⍣2
AWK
In AWK, one can use regular expressions to trim:

 ltrim = gsub
 rtrim = gsub
 trim = ltrim; rtrim

or:

 function ltrim 
 function rtrim 
 function trim 
C/C++
There is no standard trim function in C or C++. Most of the available string libraries for C contain code which implements trimming, or functions that significantly ease an efficient implementation. The function has also often been called EatWhitespace in some non-standard C libraries.
In C, programmers often combine a ltrim and rtrim to implement trim:

include 
include 
void rtrim
void ltrim
void trim

The open source C++ library Boost has several trim variants, including a standard one:

include 
trimmed = boost::algorithm::trim_copy;

Note that with boost's function named simply trim the input sequence is modified in-place, and does not return a result.
Another open source C++ library Qt has several trim variants, including a standard one:

include 
trimmed = s.trimmed;

The Linux kernel also includes a strip function, strstrip, since 2.6.18-rc1, which trims the string "in place". Since 2.6.33-rc1, the kernel uses strim instead of strstrip to avoid false warnings.Haskell
A trim algorithm in Haskell:

 import Data.Char 
 trim :: String -> String
 trim = f. f
 where f = reverse. dropWhile isSpace

may be interpreted as follows: f drops the preceding whitespace, and reverses the string. f is then again applied to its own output. Note that the type signature is optional.J
The trim algorithm in J is a functional description:

 trim =. #~ : ' '&~:

That is: filter for non-space characters between leading and trailing spaces.JavaScript
There is a built-in trim function in JavaScript 1.8.1, and the [ECMAScript 5 standard. In earlier versions it can be added to the String object's prototype as follows:

String.prototype.trim = function ;
Perl
Perl 5 has no built-in trim function. However, the functionality is commonly achieved using regular expressions.
Example:
 
$string =~ s/^\s+//; # remove leading whitespace
$string =~ s/\s+$//; # remove trailing whitespace
 
or:
 
$string =~ s/^\s+|\s+$//g ; # remove both leading and trailing whitespace
 
These examples modify the value of the original variable $string.
Also available for Perl is StripLTSpace in String::Strip from CPAN.
There are, however, two functions that are commonly used to strip whitespace from the end of strings, chomp and chop: 
  removes the last character from a string and returns it.
  removes the trailing newline character from a string if present..
In Raku, the upcoming sister language of Perl, strings have a trim method.
Example:
 
$string = $string.trim; # remove leading and trailing whitespace
$string.= trim; # same thing
 Tcl
The Tcl string command has three relevant subcommands: trim, trimright and trimleft. For each of those commands, an additional argument may be specified: a string that represents a set of characters to remove—the default is whitespace.
Example of trimming vowels:

set string onomatopoeia
set trimmed ;# result is nomatop
set r_trimmed ;# result is onomatop
set l_trimmed ;# result is nomatopoeia
XSLT
includes the function normalize-space which strips leading and trailing whitespace, in addition to replacing any whitespace sequence with a single space.
Example:


 


XSLT 2.0 includes regular expressions, providing another mechanism to perform string trimming.
Another XSLT technique for trimming is to utilize the XPath 2.0 substring function.


   
    

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