Craterellus


Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former. Both groups lack true gills on the underside of their caps, though they often have gill-like wrinkles and ridges.

General

The three most common species, Cr. cornucopioides, Cr. lutescens and Cr. tubaeformis, are gathered commercially and, unlike Cantharellus, can be easily preserved by drying.
Molecular phylogenetics have been applied to the problem of discriminating between Craterellus and Cantharellus genera. Results indicate that the presence of a hollow stipe may be a synapomorphy which reliably identifies Craterellus species. Cr. cornucopioides appears to be a single polymorphic species, while Cr. tubaeformis may be two separate genetic groups separated by geography.

Definition of the genus

The genera Craterellus and Cantharellus have always been recognized as closely related. The whole group may be recognized by their lack of division into cap and stipe, and their rudimentary or missing gills. Originally Cantharellus was defined by Fries in 1821 to mean all these species together and then in 1825 Persoon separated some species off to create the Craterellus group, with Cr. cornucopioides as type species. Since then some authorities have tried to merge the two genera again, but DNA studies now indicate that each genus is monophyletic, and so they are likely to remain separate.
In the past Craterellus was distinguished on the basis that
  1. the fruiting body had a hollow stipe, generally being funnel-shaped, and
  2. there were no clamp connections.
But phylogenetic DNA work starting with the 2000 paper of Dahlman et al. has shown that some species traditionally placed in Cantharellus really belong in Craterellus, and this means that the second distinguishing rule is no longer valid. On the other hand, the first rule holds up well.

Species

The taxonomy of these fungi is in a state of flux and many earlier names are now disputed. The following table gives some of the most important ones. Numerous species of Cantharellus have at times been classified under Craterellus, but these are mostly excluded from the table. See also the cladogram at right for a portrayal of the relationships between the species based on recent evidence.
ImageNameCurrent statusFurther details
Cr. caeruleofuscus A.H. Sm. Valid.With blue or purplish shades, growing in sphagnum around the Great Lakes.
Cr. cornucopioides Pers. ValidType species of the genus.
Cr. excelsus T.W. Henkel & Aime ValidDescribed in 2009 from Guyana.
Cr. fallax A.H. Sm. May be synonym of Cr. cornucopioides.If separated from Cr. cornucopioides, this is on the basis of its geography and the colour of the underside.
Cr. ignicolor Dahlman, Danell & Spatafora Synonym of Cantharellus ignicolorAlthough the paper of Dahlman et al., and also one reference of Kuo, puts this in Craterellus, it seems currently to be in Cantharellus. It is very similar to Cr. tubaeformis but the cap is yellow to orange.
Cantharellus infundibuliformis Fr. Synonym of Cr. tubaeformis.In the past the species infundibuliformis has been separated from tubaeformis on the basis of spore print colour and spore size, but molecular analysis shows that the distinction is not justified. When this species name was in use it was as Cantharellus, but if reintroduced now it would have to be as Craterellus.
Cr. konradii Bourdot & Maire Synonym of Cr. cornucopioides.If separated from Cr. cornucopioides, it is distinguished by a yellowish coloration.
Cr. lutescens Fr. ValidClosely associated with Cr. tubaeformis, this species has less well-developed lamellae.
Cr. tubaeformis Quél. ValidThis common species has relatively well-developed gills, a greyish cap, and a hollow yellow stipe. It was moved from Cantharellus to Craterellus due to DNA studies. Those found in western N. America may be a different species from those in Europe and eastern North America.