In many role-playing games and video games, a critical hit is a chance that a successful attack will deal more damage than a normal blow.
Origin
The 1975role-playing gameEmpire of the Petal Throne introduced the concept of critical hits. Using these rules a player who rolls a 20 on a 20 sided die does double the normal damage, and a 20 followed by a 19 or 20 counts as a killing blow. According to creator M.A.R. Barker, "this simulates the 'lucky hit' on a vital organ."
Types
Critical hits are meant to simulate an occasional "lucky hit". The concept represents the effect of hitting an artery, or finding a weak point, such as a stab merely in the leg causing less damage than a stab in the Achilles tendon. Critical hits are almost always random, although character attributes or situational modifiers may come into play. For example, games in which the player characters have a "Luck" attribute will often base the likelihood of critical hits occurring on this statistic: a character with high Luck will deal a higher percentage of critical hits, while a character with low Luck may, in some games, be struck by more critical hits. In the role playing gameDungeons & Dragons, when a player character attacks an opponent the player typically rolls a 20-sided die; a roll of 20 results in a critical hit. The most common kind of critical hit simply deals additional damage, most commonly dealing double the normal damage that would have been dealt, but many other formulas exist as well. Critical hits also occasionally do "special damage" to represent the effects of specific wounds. Critical hits usually occur only with normal weapon attacks, not with magic or other special abilities, but this depends on the individual game's rules. Many table-top and video games use "ablative" hit point systems. That is, wounded characters often have no game differences from unwounded characters other than a reduction in hit points. Critical hits originally provided a way to simulate wounds to a specific part of the body. These systems usually use lookup charts and other mechanics to determine which wound was inflicted. In RPGs with non-humanoid characters or monsters, unlikely or bizarre results could occur, such as a Beholder with a "lost leg". Most systems now simply award extra damage on a critical hit, trading realism for ease of play. The effect of a critical hit is to break up the monotony of a battle with high, unusual results. In the Brazilian RPG Tagmar, according to the result of a dice roll, the victim of a critical hit is significantly wounded or even instantly killed. The roleplaying gameRolemaster is known for its extended system of criticals. One long standing claim from its company ICE is that it is not the normal hits that kill, but the critical. By integrating criticals even on low results by varying the critical severity - J ) and the large variety of criticals every combat plays out differently. Critical results vary from simple additional hits, and added bleeding and stuns to limbs lopped off and internal organs destroyed. Player characters are not immune to the effects of a critical hit in this system. Many games call critical hits by other names. For example, in Chrono Trigger, a double hit is a normal attack in which a player character strikes an enemy twice in the same turn. The EarthBound series refers to critical hits as a smash hit. The American NES release of Dragon Warrior II referred to an enemy's critical hits as "heroic attacks". In the Mario & Luigi subseries, critical hits are known as "lucky hits", whereas the word "critical" is instead used for attacks that are elementally effective. Players frequently use the abbreviation crit or critical for "critical hit". Team Fortress 2 uses a Critical and "Mini-Crit" system. Criticals deal three times the normal damage, whereas "mini-crits" only increase damage by 35%. In addition to most weapons having a random chance to crit, some weapons have mechanics that guarantee them when used correctly, such as sniping weapons being capable of headshots.
Critical miss
The negative counterpart of the critical hit is variously known as the critical miss, critical fumble, or critical failure. The concept is less frequently borrowed than that of critical hits. Many tabletop role-playing games use some variation on this concept, but few computer role-playing games implement critical misses except where the game is directly based on a tabletop game in which such rules appear. Video games are more likely to have a separate system for determining whether attacks miss, using mechanics such as accuracy and evasion.
Headshot
In first person shooter games such as ', Tactical Ops, and Unreal Tournament, the concept of a critical hit is often substituted by the headshot', where a player attempts to place a shot on an opposed player or non-player character's head area or other weak-spot, which is generally fatal, or otherwise devastating, when successfully placed. Headshots require considerable accuracy as players often have to compensate for target movement and a very specific area of the enemy's body. In some games, even when the target is stationary, the player may have to compensate for movement generated by the telescopic sight. The first commercial game to make use of them was GoldenEye 007 for the Nintendo 64, however headshots and other location based damage for humanoid type creatures first appeared in the original Team Fortress modification for Quake released the same year, although they were demonstrated and tested in a standalone TF Sniper'' "modification" created by the same team earlier that year.
