Csangos


The Csango people are a Hungarian ethnographic group of Roman Catholic faith living mostly in the Romanian region of Moldavia, especially in Bacău County. Their traditional language, Csango, an old Hungarian dialect, is currently used by only a minority of the Csango population group.

Etymology

It has been suggested that the name Csángó is the present participle of a Hungarian verb csángál meaning "wander, as if going away"; purportedly a reference to sibilation, in the pronunciation of some Hungarian consonants by Csángó people.
Alternative explanations include the Hungarian word elcsángált, meaning "wandered away", or the phrase csángatta a harangot "ring the bell".
The Finnish researcher Yrjö Wichmann believed that probably the name of ceangău did not come from a certain Hungarian tribe, but they were called those Transylvanian Szeklers who moved away from their comrades and settled in areas inhabited by Romanians, where they have were, both materially and ideologically influenced by them and even Romanized to a certain level. Ion Podea in the "Monograph of Brașov County" of 1938 mentioned that the ethnonym derives from the verb csángodni or ecsángodni and means "to leave someone or something, to alienate someone or something that has left you". This was used by the Szeklers in the case of other Romanized Szeklers from the Ciuc area.
In some Hungarian dialects "csángó", "cángó" means "wanderer". In connection with this etymological interpretation, the linguist made an analogy between the verb "to wander" with the ethnonyms "kabars" and "khazars", which means the same thing.
According to the "Dictionary of the Hungarian Language", 1862; The etymological dictionary of the Hungarian language , Budapest 1967; The historical dictionary of the Hungarian lexicon from Transylvania , Bucharest, 1978; The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language , Hungarian Academy Publishing House, Budapest, 1972; The new dictionary of regionalisms , Hungarian Academy Publishing House, Budapest, 1979, the terms "csangó", "csángó" are translated in "walker", "a person who changes his place".
The historian Nicolae Iorga stated that the term comes from șalgăi, name given to the Szekler workers at Târgu Ocna mine. However, the priest Iosif Petru M. Pal considered that the term has nothing to do with "șalgău".
A theory of the historian Antal Horger relates that the ceangău comes from czammog, which refers to a shepherd who walks with the bludgeon after the herds. Another hypothesis of Bernát Munkácsi explains that the term comes from the verb csángani which in Ciuc County means to mix; csángadik, mutilated, strangled.

History, culture, identity

Middle Age sources

Perugia, 14 November 1234: Pope Gregory IX to Béla IV, king of Hungary
"In the Cuman bishopric - as we were informed - is living a people called Vallah and others, Hungarians and Germans as well, who came here from the Hungarian Kingdom."
Roman, 13 April 1562:
Report of the Habsburg Agent, John Belsius, to the Emperor Ferdinand the First
"On the day of the 10th of April, Despot Vodă left Hîrlău to Tîrgul Frumos finally on the 12th to the fortress of Roman "
Despot Vodă ordered me to write these: Alexandru Moldoveanul forced all the nations, with no exceptions, to be baptized again and to follow the religion of the Moldavians, taking them away from their own religion, he appointed a bishop of the Saxons and the Hungarians, to rebuild the confiscated churches and to strengthen their souls in their beliefs, and his name is Ian Lusenius, and is Polish."
After 1562: Notes of the Humanist Johann Sommer about Saxons in Moldavia, from his work about the Life of Jacob-Despot, the Ruler of Moldavia
"Despot was unyielding in punishment, especially against the ones who don't respect the sanctity of marriage, -according to the habit of those people-: this habit was copied by the Hungarians and Saxons living here, in this country. He started to build a school in Cotnari, which is mostly inhabited by Hungarians and Saxons."
Iași, 14 January 1587: Bartolomeo Brutti's letter to Annibal de Capua
"These Franciscans are very few and they speak neither German, nor Hungarian, so they can't take spiritual care of these catholics, 15000 in number.
Roman 1588: The First Jesuit Mission in Moldavia: Written by Stanislaw Warszewicki
"In the whole region in 15 towns and in all the neighborhood villages there are Hungarians and Saxons, but most of them don't know how to read, don't even recognize the letters."
Miron Costin : Grausame Zeiten in der Moldau 1980 Chapter 18 par 28 about a Csangos massacre of a few German soldiers
Munich Codex: Hussite translation of the New Testament to Hungarian dated in the text in 1466 in Moldavia Hungarian edition

2001 Report of the Council of Europe

For centuries, the self-identity of the Csangos was based on the Roman Catholic religion and the Hungarian language spoken in the family. It is generally accepted by serious scholars that the Csangos have a Hungarian origin, and that they arrived in Moldavia from the west. Some Romanian authors claim that the Csangos are in fact "magyarised" Romanians from Transylvania. This theory has also to be dismissed; it is not conceivable that these "Romanians" could persist in using a "foreign" language after centuries of living in Romania surrounded by Romanians speaking Romanian. Whatever can be argued about the language of the Csangos there is no doubt that this is a form of Hungarian.
The Council of Europe has expressed its concerns about the situation of the Csángó minority culture, and discussed that the Csángós speak an early form of Hungarian and are associated with ancient traditions, and a great diversity of folk art and culture, which is of exceptional value for Europe. The Council also mentioned that it is thought that between 60,000 and 70,000 people speak the Csángó language. It has also expressed concerns that despite the provisions of the Romanian law on education, and repeated requests from parents there is no teaching of the Csángó language in the Csángó villages, and, as a consequence, very few Csángós are able to write in their mother tongue. The document also discussed that the Csángós make no political demands, but merely want to be recognized as a distinct culture and demand education and church services in the Csángó language.
At the time of this report's release, the Vatican expressed hope that the Csangos would be able to celebrate Catholic masses in their liturgical language, Csango.

Comments of the government of Romania, dissenting opinion on behalf of the Romanian delegation

The situation of Csango community may be understood by taking into consideration the results of 2002 census. 1,370 persons declared themselves Csango. Most of them live in Bacău County, Romania, and belong to the Roman Catholic Church. During the last years, some statements identified all Catholics in Bacău County as Csango. This identification is rejected by most of them, who did identify themselves as Romanians.
The name Csango appeared relatively recently, being used for the first time, in 1780 by Petru Zold. The name Csango is used to describe two different ethnic groups:
Their music shows the characteristic features of Hungarian music and the words of their songs are mostly Hungarian, with some dialect differences.
The anthem of the Csangos refers to Csango Hungarians multiple times.
The Csangos did not take part in the language reforms of the Age of Enlightenment, or the bourgeois transformation that created the modern consciousness of nationhood. They did not have a noble stratum or intelligentsia that could have fashioned their consciousness as Hungarians. They were "saved" from "assimilation" with the Romanians by virtue of their Roman Catholic religion, which distinguished them from the majority Greek Orthodox society.

Romanian sources

The Csangos have been the object of numerous disputes between Romanians and Hungarians regarding their origin, their culture, their traditions and the ethnical minority they belong to.
Official Romanian censuses in Moldavia indicate the following:
yearHungarians in Moldavia
185937,825
189924,276
193023,894
19923,098

Genetics

A study estimating possible Inner Asian admixture among nearly 500 Hungarians based on paternal lineages only, estimated it at 5.1% in Hungary, at 7.4% in Székelys and at 6.3% at Csangos.

Controversy

Hungarian sources

In 2001 the Romanian authorities banned the teaching of the Hungarian language in private houses in the village of Klézse, despite the recommendation of the Council of Europe. From 1990, parents in Cleja, Pustiana and Lespezi requested several times that their children have the opportunity of learning the Hungarian language at school, either as an optional language, or as their native language, in 1-4 lessons a week. At best their petition was registered, but in most cases it was ignored. Seeing the possibility of organizing Hungarian courses outside school, they gave up the humiliating process of writing requests without results. The MCSMSZ maintains its standpoint according to which the community should claim their legal rights, but the population is not so determined. Leaders of the school inspectorate in Bacău County, as well as the authorities and church, declared at a meeting that they were opposed to the official instruction of Hungarian in Csángó villages. In their opinion the Csángós are of Romanian origin, and sporadic requests for teaching Hungarian at schools reflect not a real parental demand, but Hungarian nationalist ambitions.
In the village of Arini the village mayor and the Romanian-only teachers of the state school, filed a complaint with the local police about the "unlawful teaching activities" of Gergely Csoma. Csoma teaches Hungarian as an extracurricular activity to the children of Arini. Following the complaint, the local police started what Csango activists have described as an intimidation campaign among the mothers of those children who are studying their maternal language with the said teacher.
In 2008 members of the European Parliament sent a petition to the European Commission regarding the obstruction of Hungarian language education and the alleged intimidation of Csango-Hungarian pupils in Valea Mare. The leader of the High Commission on Minority Affairs responded to the petition of László Tőkés MEP in a written notice that they would warn Romania to secure education in the mother tongue for the Csangos of Moldavia.

Romanian sources

The official Romanian point of view changed in 2006, when President Băsescu condemned communism during a joint session of the Romanian Parliament and called it an illegitimate and barbaric regime. Therefore, President Basescu has established a presidential committee for analyzing the Romanian communist dictatorship, which consists of leading Romanian historians and personalities.

Population

It is difficult to estimate the exact number of the Csángó because of the elusive nature and multiple factors of Csángó identity.
As far as ethnic identification is concerned, in the census of 2002, 4,317 declared themselves Hungarians and 796 declared themselves Csángó in Bacău County, reaching a total of 5,794 out of the county's total population of 706,623. The report of the Council of Europe estimates a Csango population ranging from 20,000 to as many as 260,000. One plausible explanation for this discrepancy is that many Csángó hide or disguise their true ethnicity.
The Council of Europe had in 2001 estimates that put the total number of Csángó-speaking people between 60,000 and 70,000.
According to the most recent research executed between 2008 and 2010 by Vilmos Tánczos, famous Hungarian folklorist, there has been a sharp decline in the total number of Csángó-speaking people in Eastern Romania. Tánczos set their number to roughly 43,000 people. Moreover, he found out that the most archaic version of Csángó language, the Northern Csángó was known and regularly used by only some 4,000 people, exclusively the older generation above the age of 50. It can be said, therefore, that the Csángó Hungarian dialect is in high risk of extinction. In fact, when applying the UNESCO Framework to measure language vitality, this dialect fits the category of "Severely Endangered".