The cubit is an ancient unit of length that had several definitions according to each of the various cultures that used the unit. These definitions typically ranged between, with an ancient Roman cubit being as long as. The shorter unit – common cubit – was based on the forearmlength from the tip of the middle finger to the bottom of the elbow and was divided as 6 palms × 4 fingers = 24 digits. Royal cubits added a palm for 7 palms × 4 fingers = 28 digits. Cubits of various lengths were employed in many parts of the world in antiquity, during the Middle Ages and as recently as early modern times. The term is still used in hedgelaying, the length of the forearm being frequently used to determine the interval between stakes placed within the hedge.
Etymology
The English word "cubit" comes from the Latin noun cubitus "elbow", from the verb cubo, cubare, cubui, cubitum "to lie down", from which also comes the adjective "".
Ancient Egyptian royal cubit
The ancient Egyptianroyal cubit is the earliest attested standard measure. Cubit rods were used for the measurement of length. A number of these rods have survived: two are known from the tomb of Maya, the treasurer of the 18th dynasty pharaoh Tutankhamun, in Saqqara; another was found in the tomb of Kha in Thebes. Fourteen such rods, including one double cubit rod, were described and compared by Lepsius in 1865. These cubit rods range from in length and are divided into seven palms; each palm is divided into four fingers, and the fingers are further subdivided. Early evidence for the use of this royal cubit comes from the Early Dynastic Period: on the Palermo Stone, the flood level of the Nile river during the reign of the PharaohDjer is given as measuring 6 cubits and 1 palm. Use of the royal cubit is also known from Old Kingdom architecture, from at least as early as the construction of the Step Pyramid of Djoser in around 2700 BC.
originated in the loosely organized city-states of Early Dynastic Sumer. Each city, kingdom and trade guild had its own standards until the formation of the Akkadian Empire when Sargon of Akkad issued a common standard. This standard was improved by Naram-Sin, but fell into disuse after the Akkadian Empire dissolved. The standard of Naram-Sin was readopted in the Ur III period by the Nanše Hymn which reduced a plethora of multiple standards to a few agreed upon common groupings. Successors to Sumerian civilization including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians continued to use these groupings. The Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for Elamite, Hebrew, Urartian, Hurrian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies. The Classical Mesopotamian System also has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to Bronze Age Harappan and Egyptian metrologies. In 1916, during the last years of the Ottoman Empire and in the middle of World War I, the German assyriologistEckhard Unger found a copper-alloy bar while excavating at Nippur. The bar dates from c. 2650 BC and Unger claimed it was used as a measurement standard. This irregularly formed and irregularly marked graduated rule supposedly defined the Sumerian cubit as about.
Biblical cubit
The standard of the cubit in different countries and in different ages has varied. This realization has led the rabbis of the 2nd century CE to clarify the length of their cubit, saying that the measure of the cubit of which they have spoken "applies to the cubit of middle-size". In this case, the requirement is to make-use of a standard 6 handbreadths to each cubit, and which handbreadth was not to be confused with an outstretched palm, but rather one that was clinched and which handbreadth has the standard width of 4 fingerbreadths. This puts the handbreadth at roughly, and 6 handbreadths at. Epiphanius of Salamis, in his treatise On Weights and Measures, describes how it was customary, in his day, to take the measurement of the biblical cubit: "The cubit is a measure, but it is taken from the measure of the forearm. For the part from the elbow to the wrist and the palm of the hand is called the cubit, the middle finger of the cubit measure being also extended at the same time and there being added below the span, that is, of the hand, taken all together." Rabbi Avraham Chaim Naeh put the linear measurement of a cubit at. Avrohom Yeshaya Karelitz, dissenting, put the length of a cubit at. Rabbi and philosopher Maimonides, following the Talmud, makes a distinction between the cubit of 6 handbreadths used in ordinary measurements, and the cubit of 5 handbreadths used in measuring the Golden Altar, the base of the altar of burnt offerings, its circuit and the horns of the altar.
Ancient Greece
In ancient Greek units of measurement, the standard forearm cubit measured approximately The short forearm cubit from the wrist to the elbow, measured approximately.
Ancient Rome
In ancient Rome, according to Vitruvius, a cubit was equal toRoman feet or 6 palm widths. A 120-centimeter cubit, called the Roman ulna, was common in the Roman empire, which cubit was measured from the fingers of the outstretched arm opposite the man's hip.; also, with
Islamic world
In the Islamic world, the cubit had a similar origin, being originally defined as the arm from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. Several different cubit lengths were current in the medieval Islamic world for the unit of length, ranging from to, and in turn the dhirāʿ was commonly subdivided into six handsbreadths, and each handsbreadth into four fingerbreadths. The most commonly used definitions were:
the legal cubit, also known as the hand cubit, cubit of Yusuf, postal cubit, "freed" cubit and thread cubit. It measured, although in the Abbasid Caliphate it measured, possibly as a result of reforms of Caliph al-Ma'mun.
the black cubit, adopted in the Abbasid period and fixed by the measure used in the Nilometer on Rawda Island at. It is also known as the common cubit, sack-cloth cubit, and was the most commonly used in the Maghreb and Islamic Spain under the name al-dhirāʿ al-Rashshāshiyya.
the king's cubit, inherited from the Sassanid Persians. It measured eight qabḍa for a total of on average. It was this measure used by Ziyad ibn Abihi for his survey of Iraq, and is hence also known as Ziyadi cubit or survey cubit. From Caliph al-Mansur it was also known as the Hashemite cubit. Other identical measures were the work cubit and likely also the al-dhirāʿ al-hindāsa, which measures.
the cloth cubit, which fluctuated widely according to region: the Egyptian cubit measured, that of Damascus, that of Aleppo, that of Baghdad, and that of Istanbul.
A variety of more local or specific cubit measures were developed over time: the "small" Hashemite cubit of, also known as the cubit of Bilal ; the Egyptian carpenter's cubit or architect's cubit of, reduced and standardized to in the 19th century; the house cubit of, introduced by the Abbasid-era qāḍī Ibn Abi Layla; the cubit of Umar of and its double, the scale cubit established by al-Ma'mun and used mainly for measuring canals. In medieval and early modern Persia, the cubit was either the legal cubit of 49.8 centimetres, or the Isfahan cubit of. A royal cubit appeared in the 17th century with, while a "shortened" cubit of was used for cloth. The measure survived into the 20th century, with 1 gaz equal to. Mughal India also had its own royal cubit of.
"Druid's cubit"
The 18th century physician and antiquarian William Stukeley proposed that a unit he called the "Druid's cubit" had been used by the builders of megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Avebury. Stukeley's cubit was in length, a measure whose multiples he claimed to detect in the dimensions of ancient structures.
Other systems
Other measurements based on the length of the forearm include some lengths of ell, the Chinesechi, the Japaneseshaku, the Indian hasta, the Thaisok, the Tamil "", the Telugu "", and the Khmerhat.
A cubit arm in heraldry may be dexter or sinister. It may be vested and may be shown in various positions, most commonly erect, but also fesswise, bendwise and is often shown grasping objects. It is most often used erect as a crest, for example by the families of Poyntz of Iron Acton, Rolle of Stevenstone and Turton.
