Curve448
In cryptography, Curve448 or Curve448-Goldilocks is an elliptic curve potentially offering 224 bits of security and designed for use with the elliptic-curve Diffie–Hellman key agreement scheme. Developed by Mike Hamburg of Rambus Cryptography Research, Curve448 allows fast performance compared with other proposed curves with comparable security. The reference implementation is available under an MIT license. The curve was favored by the Internet Research Task Force Crypto Forum Research Group for inclusion in Transport Layer Security standards along with Curve25519. In 2017, NIST announced that Curve25519 and Curve448 would be added to "Special Publication 800-186", which specifies approved elliptic curves for use by the US Federal Government. A 2019 draft of confirms this claim. Both are described in .Mathematical properties
Hamburg chose the Solinas trinomial prime base p = 2448 − 2224 − 1, calling it a “Goldilocks” prime “because its form defines the golden ratio φ ≡ 2224.” The main advantage of a golden-ratio prime is fast Karatsuba multiplication.
The curve Hamburg used is an untwisted Edwards curve
Ed:. The constant d = −39081 was chosen as the smallest absolute value that had the required mathematical properties, thus a nothing-up-my-sleeve number.
Curve448 is constructed such that it avoids many potential implementation pitfalls.
