As of the census of 2000, there were 1,953,631 people in 717,945 households, including 457,330 families, in the city. The population density was 3,371.7 people per square mile. There were 782,009 housing units at an average density of 1,349.6 per square mile. If the city of Houston were a U.S. state, it would rank 36th in population—its estimated 2.01 million residents in 2004 placed it behind Nevada and ahead of New Mexico. In 2005, the Greater Houston area had a population of more than 5.7 million, as the area was growing at a faster rate than the state or the nation. In 2000, there were 717,945 households in the city, of which 33.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.3% were non-families. Twenty-nine percent of all households were one person and 6.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.39. The median house price was $115,961 in 2009. The age distribution was 27.5% under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% 65 or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males. The median household income was $36,616 and the median family income was $40,443. Males had a median income of $32,084 versus $27,371 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,101. Nineteen percent of the population and 16% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 26.1% of those under the age of 18 and 14.3% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. As of 2002, 38,000 residents of Houston were counted among residents of Fort Bend County, as the city had expanded into this county. Houston ranked as the third-largest city within Fort Bend County by population, after Missouri City and Sugar Land. Circa the late 1800s Houston's population was fewer than that of Galveston. Circa 1890 it was the 18th largest city in the Southern United States.
Race and ethnic origins
Houston is a diverse and international city, in part because of its many academic institutions and strong biomedical, energy, manufacturing and aerospace industries. According to the U.S. Census 2000, The racial makeup of the city was 49.3% White 25.3% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 5.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races; additionally, 37% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Since the 1990 Census, Houston's population has become majority-minority.
Religion
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 73% of the population of the city identified as Christian, with 50% saying they attended a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 19% identifying as Roman Catholic. Some 20% did not claim any religious affiliation. The PEW study said that adherents of other religions collectively make up about 7% of the population. Houston is also within the Bible Belt.
Language
In the 2000 U.S. Census, 938,123 residents of the City of Houston said that they spoke English only. Historically, Houstonians tend to pronounce Southern English with the drawl typical of the Lower South. The largest foreign languages in Houston included Spanish and Spanish creole, Vietnamese, Chinese, African indigenous languages, and Urdu of Pakistan. Percentages of the non-English groups who said that they spoke English at least "very well" include 42% of the Spanish speakers, 32% of the Vietnamese speakers, 49% of the Chinese speakers, 72% of the speakers of indigenous African languages, and 70% of the speakers of Urdu. In 2000, 1,961,993 residents of Harris County spoke English only. The five largest foreign languages in the county were Spanish or Spanish Creole, Vietnamese, Chinese, French including Cajun and Patois, and Urdu of Pakistan. Percentages of language groups who said that they spoke English at least "very well" include 46% of Spanish speakers, 37% of Vietnamese speakers, 50% of Chinese speakers, 85% of French speakers, and 72% of Urdu speakers. Southwestern Louisiana Creole language is spoken in Houston. As of 2015, about 40% of Harris County residents spoke languages other than English.
National origin
Houston's foreign-born population increased by 400,000 in a ten-year span ending in 2010. During that span, of all U.S. cities, Houston had the second-largest increase of foreign-born persons. As of 2011, 22% of Greater Houston residents were born in another country. This percentage was the fifth-largest in Texas. In 2015 about 25% of the residents of Harris County, over one million persons, were immigrants. Surrounding counties have percentages similar to that of Harris County. As of that year, immigrants were widely dispersed throughout the Houston area.
Refugee populations
Since the 1970s, when Houston began absorbing Vietnamese refugees after the Fall of Saigon, Houston has become a destination for refugee resettlement. About 1,600 refugees arrive at George Bush Intercontinental Airport per year. Refugees from Afghanistan, Bhutan, El Salvador, Cuba, Iraq, Myanmar, and Somalia have settled in Houston; Burundians from Rwanda have also settled in Houston. Over the three years leading to 2009, Houston took about 2,200 Burmese. In 2014 4,818 refugees from 40 countries settled in Harris County. That year, of all counties in Texas, Harris County had the largest number of refugee settlements. If the Houston area were its own country, it would rank among the top five countries in the world for refugee resettlement.
LGBT community
historically was the center of the LGBT community in Houston. By 2011 many in the LGBT community moved to the Houston Heights and to suburbs in Greater Houston.
Health
In 2010 the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston released a Health of Houston Survey. Based on the survey results, 20% of area residents considered themselves to be in poor or fair health. Half of the Houston area residents did not have dental insurance. The area's percentage of individuals who reported having psychiatric distress was twice the U.S. national average. Of the racial groups, after excluding illegal immigrants, Hispanics had the lowest rates of health insurance. Houston is also part of the Stroke Belt along with many other Southern cities.
Politics
In 2013 Allen Turner of the Houston Chronicle reported that residents of Harris County were "consistently conservative in elections," voting for Republican candidates in local, state and federal elections. But, according to a Rice UniversityKinder Institute for Urban Research 2013 opinion poll, they were surprisingly liberal on a variety of hot-button social topics, "such as immigration, gun control and equal matrimonial rights for same-sex couples".
