Deponent verb


In linguistics, a deponent verb is a verb that is active in meaning but takes its form from a different voice, most commonly the middle or passive. A deponent verb has no active forms.

Languages with deponent verbs

This list may not be exhaustive.

Ancient Greek

has middle-voice deponents and some passive-voice deponents. An example in classical Greek is ἔρχομαι, middle/passive in form but active in translation.
Some 'active' verbs will take middle-form futures, such as how ἀκούω becomes ἀκούσομαι, rather than the regular adding of a sigma becoming παύσω ). These are still active in translation. For these verbs, there is no future middle, but the future passive is unaffected.
Koine Greek has a few verbs which have very different meanings in the active and middle/passive forms. For example, wikt:ἅπτω means "I set fire to", whereas its middle form ἁπτομαι means "I touch". Because ἁπτομαι is much more common in usage, beginners often learn this form first and are tempted to assume that it is a deponent.

Latin

has passive-voice deponents, such as hortārī, verērī, loquī, blandīrī, and many more. The forms regularly follow those of the passive of normal verbs:
amāre "to love"amārī "to be loved"hortārī "to exhort"
amō "I love"amor "I am loved"hortor "I exhort"
amāvī "I have loved"amātus sum "I have been loved"hortātus sum "I have exhorted"

Deponents have all the participles normal verbs do, although those of the perfect carry an active meaning, rather than a passive meaning as in the case of normal verbs. Some deponent verbs, such as sequī, use the corresponding forms of other verbs to express a genuine passive meaning. They do not have their own passive forms, nor is it possible to resurrect the "active" forms of the deponent verbs to use for the passive voice.
Additionally, four Latin verbs are called semi-deponent, because though they look passive in their perfect forms, they are semantically active in all forms.
Conversely, Latin also has some verbs that are active in form but passive in meaning. fit was used as the passive of facit. In the perfect forms, this was a compound verb just like the passive voice of regular verbs.

Sanskrit

also contains some deponent verbs such as: सच॑ते sác-ate. This class is often simply called ‘Ātmanepada’ or middle voice, without further classifications to distinguish deponents from the true middle voice forms.

Swedish

has a few passive-voice deponents, although its closely related neighbour languages Danish and Norwegian mostly use active corresponding forms. Indeed, Norwegian shows the opposite trend: like in English, active verbs are sometimes used with a passive or middle sense, such as in "boka solgte 1000 eksemplarer". -s is the normal passive ending in the Scandinavian languages.
has several common deponents which use the '-es' passive ending in the active voice, instead of the usual '-er' active ending :
The past tense is indicated by 'd or 't', e.g. kjentes, lyktes, syntes, trivdes.

Danish

Modern Danish, which shares the largest part of its grammar and vocabulary with Norwegian, has even fewer deponents, which work basically like in the other Scandinavian languages; the only common ones are:
Some other verbs do have an active form but also a deponent one with a different meaning or usage, e.g.:
Finally, some verbs are passive in Danish, but would be translated with active verbs in most other languages, e.g.:
Some verbs are deponent universally, but other verbs are deponent only in certain tenses, or use deponent forms from different voices in different tenses. For example, the Greek verb ἀναβαίνω uses active forms in the imperfect active and aorist active, but in the future active it shows the middle form ἀναβήσομαι. The future active form might be predicted to be *ἀναβήσω, but this form does not occur, because the verb is deponent in the future tense. The future forms that do occur have the same meaning and translation value that the active forms would have if they occurred.
Latin has a few semi-deponent verbs, which behave normally in the present system, but are deponent in the perfect system.