Dili


Dili, also known as City of Peace, is the capital, largest city, chief port, and commercial centre of East Timor. Dili is part of a free trade zone, the Timor Leste–Indonesia–Australia Growth Triangle.

History

Dili was settled about 1520 by the Portuguese, who made it the capital of Portuguese Timor in 1769. It was proclaimed a city in January 1864. During World War II, Portugal and its colonies remained neutral, but the Allies saw East Timor as a potential target for Japanese invasion, and Australian and Dutch forces briefly occupied the island in 1941. On the night of 19 February 1942, the Japanese attacked with a force of around 20,000 men, and occupied Dili before spreading out across the rest of the colony. On 26 September 1945, control of the island was officially returned to Portugal by the Japanese.
East Timor unilaterally declared independence from Portugal on 28 November 1975. However, nine days later, on 7 December, Indonesian forces invaded Dili. On 17 July 1976, Indonesia annexed East Timor, which it designated the 27th province of Indonesia, Timor Timur, with Dili as its capital. A guerrilla war ensued from 1975 to 1999 between Indonesian and pro-independence forces, during which tens of thousands of East Timorese and some foreign civilians were killed. Media coverage of the 1991 Dili Massacre helped revitalise international support for the East Timorese independence movement.
In 1999, East Timor was placed under UN supervision, and on 20 May 2002, Dili became the capital of the newly independent Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste. In May 2006, fighting and rioting sparked by conflict between elements of the military caused significant damage to the city and led to foreign military intervention to restore order.

Geography and administration

Dili lies on the northern coast of Timor island, the easternmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It is the seat of the administration of the municipality of Dili, which is the administrative entity of the area and includes the island of Atauro and some cities close to Dili city. The city is divided into the Administrative Posts of Nain Feto, Vera Cruz, Dom Aleixo and Cristo Rei and is divided into several sucos, each of which is headed by an elected chefe de suco. 18 of the 26 sucos of the four administrative posts are categorised as urban.
The municipality has an elected mayor and council.

Demography

The 2010 census recorded a population of 193,563 in the areas of Dili district classified as urban, with a population of 234,331 in the whole district including rural areas such as Atauro and Metinaro.
Dili is a melting pot of the different ethnic groups of East Timor, due partly to the internal migration of young men from around the country in search of work. This has led to a gender imbalance, with the male population significantly larger than the female. Between 2001 and 2004, the population of Dili district grew by 12.58%, with only 54% of the district's inhabitants born in the city. 7% were born in Baucau, 5% each in Viqueque and Bobonaro 4% in Ermera, and the remainder in other districts or overseas.

Climate

Dili has a tropical savanna climate under the Köppen climate classification.

Buildings and monuments

Most buildings were damaged or destroyed in the violence of 1999, orchestrated by the Indonesian military and local pro-Indonesia militias. However, the city still has many buildings from the Portuguese era. e.g. the former Market Hall built around 1930 which is used as a Congress Centre nowadays. The former Portuguese Governor's office is now the office of the Prime Minister. It was previously also used by the Indonesian-appointed Governor, and by the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor.
Hindu temple, built during Indonesian occupation.
Even under Indonesian rule, during which the use of Portuguese was banned, Portuguese street names like Avenida Marechal Carmona remained unchanged, although they were prefixed with the Indonesian word Jalan or 'road'. The Roman Catholic Church at Motael became a focus for resistance to Indonesian occupation. Legacies of Jakarta's occupation are the Church of the Immaculate Conception, seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Díli, purportedly the largest cathedral in Southeast Asia, and the 'Integration Monument', commemorating the Indonesian annexation of the territory in 1976. Featuring a statue of an East Timorese in traditional dress, breaking the chains round his wrists, the monument has not been demolished.
The Cristo Rei of Dili is a 27-metre tall statue of Jesus situated on top of a globe at the end of a peninsula in Dili. It is one of the town's landmarks. It was a present from the government of Indonesia during occupation for the 20th anniversary of East Timor's integration into Indonesia.

Education

Schools in Dili include St. Joseph's High School and 28 de Novembro Public Secondary School. There are five International schools in Dili: St Anthony's International School, which is Timorese owned and managed but teaches in English and uses a modified Australian curriculum; a Portuguese school by the name of Escola Portuguesa Ruy Cinatti; an Australian managed school by the name of Dili International School; an American curriculum school called QSI International School of Dili; and the Maharlika International School, a Philippine International School.
East Timor's major higher education institution, the Universidade Nacional de Timor-Leste is based in Dili. Other universities situated in Dili include the private undergraduate university, Universidade da Paz, Universidade Dili and Dili Institute of Technology, a community-based, non-profit education institution.

Transportation

Dili is served by Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport, named after independence leader Nicolau Lobato. This is the only functioning international airport in East Timor, though there are airstrips in Baucau, Suai and Oecusse used for domestic flights. Until recently, Dili's airport runway has been unable to accommodate aircraft larger than the Boeing 737 or C-130 Hercules, but in January 2008, the Portuguese charter airline EuroAtlantic Airways operated a direct flight from Lisbon using a Boeing 757, carrying 140 members of the Guarda Nacional Republicana.
Under Portuguese rule, Baucau Airport, which has a much longer runway, was used for international flights, but following the Indonesian invasion this was taken over by the Indonesian military and closed to civilian traffic.

Twin towns – sister cities

Dili is twinned with the following places:
CityState or RegionCountryYear
Lisbon Lisbon District Portugal2001
Praia Praia Cape Verde2001
Coimbra Coimbra District Portugal2002
MargãoGoa India2001
Darwin AustraliaSeptember 2003
Ambon Maluku IndonesiaSeptember 2003
Macau ChinaJune 2002
Okinawa JapanNovember 2005
Barcelona SpainJune 2008
Sydney AustraliaSeptember 2010
ManilaMetro Manila PhilippinesNovember 2011
Canberra AustraliaJune 2004