Dinic's algorithm or Dinitz's algorithm is a strongly polynomial algorithm for computing the maximum flow in a flow network, conceived in 1970 by Israeli computer scientist Yefim A. Dinitz. The algorithm runs in time and is similar to the Edmonds–Karp algorithm, which runs in time, in that it uses shortest augmenting paths. The introduction of the concepts of the level graph and blocking flow enable Dinic's algorithm to achieve its performance.
History
Yefim Dinitz invented this algorithm in response to a pre-class exercise in Adelson-Velsky's algorithms class. At the time he was not aware of the basic facts regarding the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm. Dinitz mentions inventing his algorithm in January 1969, which was published in 1970 in the journal Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. In 1974, Shimon Even and Alon Itai at the Technion in Haifa were very curious and intrigued by Dinitz's algorithm as well as Alexander V. Karzanov's related idea of blocking flow. However it was hard for them to decipher these two papers, each being limited to four pages to meet the restrictions of journal Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. Even did not give up, and after three days of effort managed to understand both papers except for the layered network maintenance issue. Over the next couple of years, Even gave lectures on "Dinic's algorithm", mispronouncing the name of the author while popularizing it. Even and Itai also contributed to this algorithm by combining BFS and DFS, which is the current version of the algorithm. For about 10 years of time after the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm was invented, it was unknown if it could be made to terminate in polynomial time in the general case of irrational edge capacities. This caused a lack of any known polynomial-time algorithm to solve the max flow problem in generic cases. Dinitz's algorithm and the Edmonds–Karp algorithm both independently showed that in the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm, if each augmenting path is the shortest one, then the length of the augmenting paths is non-decreasing and the algorithm always terminates.
Definition
Let be a network with and the capacity and the flow of the edge, respectively.
Algorithm
Dinic's Algorithm
Set for each.
Construct from of. If, stop and output.
Find a blocking flow in.
Add augment flow by and go back to step 2.
Analysis
It can be shown that the number of layers in each blocking flow increases by at least 1 each time and thus there are at most blocking flows in the algorithm. For each of them:
a blocking flow in the level graph can be found in time
with total running time for each layer. As a consequence, the running time of Dinic's algorithm is. Using a data structure called dynamic trees, the running time of finding a blocking flow in each phase can be reduced to and therefore the running time of Dinic's algorithm can be improved to.
Special cases
In networks with unit capacities, a much stronger time bound holds. Each blocking flow can be found in time, and it can be shown that the number of phases does not exceed and. Thus the algorithm runs in time. In networks that arise from the bipartite matching problem, the number of phases is bounded by, therefore leading to the time bound. The resulting algorithm is also known as Hopcroft–Karp algorithm. More generally, this bound holds for any unit network — a network in which each vertex, except for source and sink, either has a single entering edge of capacity one, or a single outgoing edge of capacity one, and all other capacities are arbitrary integers.
Example
The following is a simulation of Dinic's algorithm. In the level graph, the vertices with labels in red are the values. The paths in blue form a blocking flow.
