Dynamical genetics

• dynamic mutations, term introduced by Robert I. Richards and Grant R. Sutherland to indicate mutations caused by other mutations; this phenomenon often involves the Variable Number Tandem Repeats, closely related to many neurodegenerative diseases, as the trinucleotide repeat disorders.
• dynamic genome, term introduced by Nina Fedoroff and David Botstein to indicate the transposition discovered by Barbara McClintock.
• immune VJ recombination and isotype class switching, terms introduced to indicate two kinds of immune system recombinations, which are the main cause of the enormous variety of antibodies.
• horizontal DNA transfer that indicates the DNA transfer between two organisms.
• crossing-over mediated by formation and unwinding of uncommon four-helix DNA structures known as G-quadruplexes.