Dyson series


In scattering theory, a part of mathematical physics, the Dyson series, formulated by Freeman Dyson, is a perturbative expansion of the time evolution operator in the interaction picture. Each term can be represented by a sum of Feynman diagrams.
This series diverges asymptotically, but in quantum electrodynamics at the second order the difference from experimental data is in the order of 10−10.
This close agreement holds because the coupling constant of QED is much less than 1.
Notice that in this article Planck units are used, so that ħ = 1.

The Dyson operator

Suppose that we have a Hamiltonian, which we split into a free part 0 and an interacting part, i.e. H = H0 + V.
We will work in the interaction picture here and assume units such that the reduced Planck constant is 1.
In the interaction picture, the evolution operator defined by the equation
is called the Dyson operator.
We have
and hence the Tomonaga–Schwinger equation,
Consequently,

Derivation of the Dyson series

This leads to the following Neumann series:
Here we have, so we can say that the fields are time-ordered, and it is useful to introduce an operator called time-ordering operator, defining
We can now try to make this integration simpler. In fact, by the following example:
Assume that K is symmetric in its arguments and define :
The region of integration can be broken in sub-regions defined by,, etc. Due to the symmetry of K, the integral in each of these sub-regions is the same and equal to by definition. So it is true that
Returning to our previous integral, the following identity holds
Summing up all the terms, we obtain Dyson's theorem for the Dyson series:

Wavefunctions

Then, going back to the wavefunction for t > t0,
Returning to the Schrödinger picture, for tf > ti,