Early American currency


Early American currency went through several stages of development during the colonial and post-Revolutionary history of the United States. Since there were few coins minted in the Thirteen Colonies, that later became the United States, foreign coins like the Spanish dollar were widely circulated. Colonial governments, at times, issued paper money to facilitate economic activities. The British Parliament passed Currency Acts in 1751, 1764, and 1773, that regulated colonial paper money.
During the American Revolution, the Colonies became independent states. Freed from the British imposed monetary regulations, the States began to issue paper money, to pay for military expenses. The Continental Congress, also issued paper money during the Revolution—known as Continental currency—in order to fund the war effort. Both, State and Continental currency depreciated rapidly, becoming, in effect, worthless by the end of the war. This depreciation was caused by the government, stemming from the printing of large amounts of currency, in their effort to meet the monetary demands of the war. Additionally, British counterfeit gangs contributed further to the decreased value. By its conclusion, only a few counterfeiters had been caught and preemptively hanged, for the crime. The war devastated the Colonial economy, incomprehensibly; especially, when compared to the economical status prior to King George III.

Colonial currency

There were three general types of money in the Colonies of British America: the, printed paper money and trade-based commodity money. Commodity money was used when cash were scarce. Commodities such as tobacco, beaver skins, and wampum, served as money at various times in many locations.
Cash in the Colonies, was denominated in pounds, shillings, and pence. The value of each denomination varied from Colony to Colony; a Massachusetts pound, for example, was not equivalent to a Pennsylvania pound. All colonial pounds were of less value than the British, pound sterling. The coins in circulation during the Colonial Era were, most often, of Spanish and Portuguese origin. The prevalence of the Spanish dollar throughout the Colonies, led to the money of the United States being denominated in dollars, rather than pounds.
One by one, colonies began to issue their own paper money to serve as a convenient medium of exchange. In 1690, the Province of Massachusetts Bay created "the first authorized paper money issued by any government in the Western World". This paper money was issued to pay for a military expedition during King William's War. Other colonies followed the example of Massachusetts Bay by issuing their own paper currency in subsequent military conflicts.
The paper bills issued by the colonies were known as "bills of credit". Bills of credit were usually fiat money: they could not be exchanged for a fixed amount of gold or silver coins upon demand. Bills of credit were usually issued by colonial governments to pay debts. The governments would then retire the currency by accepting the bills for payment of taxes. When colonial governments issued too many bills of credit or failed to tax them out of circulation, inflation resulted. This happened especially in New England and the southern colonies, which, unlike the Middle Colonies, were frequently at war. Pennsylvania, however, was responsible in not issuing too much currency and it remains a prime example in history as a successful government-managed monetary system. Pennsylvania's paper currency, secured by land, was said to have generally maintained its value against gold from 1723 until the Revolution broke out in 1775.
This depreciation of colonial currency was harmful to creditors in Great Britain when colonists paid their debts with money that had lost value. The British Parliament passed several Currency Acts to regulate the paper money issued by the colonies. The Act of 1751 restricted the issue of paper money in New England. It allowed the existing bills to be used as legal tender for public debts, but disallowed their use for private debts. In 1776, British economist Adam Smith criticized colonial bills of credit in his most famous work, The Wealth of Nations.
Another Currency Act, in 1764, extended the restrictions to the colonies south of New England.
Unlike the earlier act, this act did not prohibit the colonies in question from issuing paper money but it forbade them to designate their currency as legal tender for public or private debts. That prohibition created tension between the colonies and the mother country and has sometimes been seen as a contributing factor in the coming of the American Revolution. After much lobbying, Parliament amended the act in 1773, permitting the colonies to issue paper currency as legal tender for public debts. Shortly thereafter, some colonies once again began issuing paper money. When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, all of the rebel colonies, soon to be independent states, issued paper money to pay for military expenses.

Thirteen colony set of United States Colonial currency

The Thirteen Colony set of colonial currency below is from the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution. Examples were selected based on the notability of the signers, followed by issue date and condition. The initial selection criteria for notability was drawn from a list of currency signers who were also known to have signed the United States Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, the United States Constitution, or attended the Stamp Act Congress.
ColonyValueDateIssueFirstNote Note Signatures------
ColonyValueDateIssueFirstConnecticut40s Signatures1775-01-02£15,0001709Elisha Williams,
Thomas Seymour,
Benjamin Payne
Delaware4s1776-01-01£30,0001723John McKinly,
Thomas Collins,
Boaz Manlove		------
Georgia$401778-05-04£150,0001735Charles Kent,
William Few,
Thomas Netherclift,
William O’Bryen,
Nehemiah Wade		------
Maryland$11770-03-01$318,0001733John Clapham,
Robert Couden		------
Massachusetts2s1741-05-01£50,0001690Robert Choate,
Jonathan Hale,
John Brown,
Edward Eveleth		------
New Hampshire$11780-04-29$145,0001709James McClure,
Ephraim Robinson,
Joseph Pearson,
John Taylor Gilman 		------
New Jersey12s1776-03-25£100,0001709Robert Smith,
John Hart,
John Stevens Jr.		------
New York2s1775-08-02£2,5001709John Cruger Jr.,
William Waddell		------
North Carolina£31729-11-27£40,0001712William Downing,
John Lovick,
Edward Moseley,
Cullen Pollock,
Thomas Swann		------
Pennsylvania20s 1771-03-20£15,0001723Francis Hopkinson,
Robert Strettell Jones,
William Fisher		------
Rhode Island$11780-07-02£39,0001710Caleb Harris,
Metcalf Bowler,
Jonathan Arnold		------
South Carolina$601779-02-08$1,000,0001703John Scott,
John Smyth,
Plowden Weston		------
Virginia£31773-03-04£36,3841755Peyton Randolph,
John Blair Jr.,
Robert Carter Nicholas Sr.		------

Continental currency

After the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, the Continental Congress began issuing paper money known as Continental currency, or Continentals. Continental currency was denominated in dollars from $ to $80, including many odd denominations in between. During the Revolution, Congress issued $241,552,780 in Continental currency.
Continental currency depreciated badly during the war, giving rise to the famous phrase "not worth a continental". A primary problem was that monetary policy was not coordinated between Congress and the states, which continued to issue bills of credit. "Some think that the rebel bills depreciated because people lost confidence in them or because they were not backed by tangible assets," writes financial historian Robert E. Wright. "Not so. There were simply too many of them." Congress and the states lacked the will or the means to retire the bills from circulation through taxation or the sale of bonds.
Another problem was that the British successfully waged economic warfare by counterfeiting Continentals on a large scale. Benjamin Franklin later wrote:
By the end of 1778, Continentals retained from to of their face value. By 1780, the bills were worth of their face value. Congress attempted to reform the currency by removing the old bills from circulation and issuing new ones, without success. By May 1781, Continentals had become so worthless that they ceased to circulate as money. Franklin noted that the depreciation of the currency had, in effect, acted as a tax to pay for the war.
For this reason, some Quakers, whose pacifism did not permit them to pay war taxes, also refused to use Continentals, and at least one Yearly Meeting formally forbade its members to use the notes. In the 1790s, after the ratification of the United States Constitution, Continentals could be exchanged for treasury bonds at 1% of face value.
After the collapse of Continental currency, Congress appointed Robert Morris to be Superintendent of Finance of the United States. Morris advocated the creation of the first financial institution chartered by the United States, the Bank of North America, in 1782. The bank was funded in part by bullion coins loaned to the United States by France. Morris helped finance the final stages of the war by issuing notes in his name, backed by his personal line of credit, which was further backed by a French loan of $450,000 in silver coins. The Bank of North America also issued notes convertible into gold or silver. Morris also presided over the creation of the first mint operated by the U.S. government, which struck the first coins of the United States, the Nova Constellatio patterns of 1783.
The painful experience of the runaway inflation and collapse of the Continental dollar prompted the delegates to the Constitutional Convention to include the gold and silver clause into the United States Constitution so that the individual states could not issue bills of credit or "make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts". However, in Juilliard vs Greenman the Supreme Court of the United States settled an ongoing and very heated debate on if this restriction of issuing bills of credit was also extended to the Federal government:

Footnotes

These references have been removed from EH.Net ---
Flynn, David. "Credit in the Colonial American Economy". EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. March 16, 2008.
Michener, Ron. "Money in the American Colonies". EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. June 8, 2003.