Native Americans from various tribes lived in North Dakota before the arrival of settlers. With time, a number of treaties and agreements were signed between the Indians and the newcomers. Many of the treaties defined the domain of a specific group of Indians. The three maps below show the treaty territories of different Indians living in North Dakota and how the territories changed and diminished over time in the 19th century.
The Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of the Santee Sioux claimed these areas, with area 538 extending around 75 miles into South Dakota. On February 19, 1867, they allowed the construction of roads and railroads through it. The Indians ceded no land with the signing of this treaty. Two reservations were established. Area 496 indicates the Sisseton reservation at Lake Traverse in the South. A northern reservation adjoined Devil's Lake. On September 20, 1872, the Indians ceded the yellow area 538. The agreement was ratified on June 22, 1874. By "agreement" and "Act of Congress", all unallotted land in Lake Traverse Indian Reservation was ceded to the United States on March 3, 1891.
By executive order of March 16, 1875, some of the land ceded in 1868 turned back into the holdings of the Sioux tribe and also extra land east of the Missouri. The small area east of the river adjoined an existing Yankton Sioux Reservation chiefly in South Dakota. Later, on August 9, 1879, some of this new, eastern land was relinquished by executive order. Nearly three months after the Battle of the Little Bighorn, the Sioux "ceded all claim" to about one-quarter of the Great Sioux Reservation in South Dakota in a controversial agreement. This agreement of September 9, 1876, added an extra tract to the Sioux land in North Dakota. It was end-to-end with a part of the northern border of what was left of the Great Sioux Reservation as well as area 581 added the year before. On November 28, still 1876, the "President makes another addition" to the Sioux land east of the Missouri by executive order. This section is only indicated by the pointed area delimited by dark blue lines. By another executive order of August 9, 1879, the very same area was restored to "public domain". A small tract of land bordering the Missouri returned into the holding of the United States by executive order of March 20, 1884. Area 599, added in 1876, was subtracted again on March 2, 1889, by act of Congress.
Areas 529, 620 and the part of 621 south of the Missouri (map 1)
These three ranges together show the mutual Indian territory of the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan as defined in the Treaty of Fort Laramie. It extended into Montana and Wyoming. Area 529 turned into U.S. territory on April 12, 1870, by executive order. The Fort Berthold Reservation was established at the same occasion. Further, the United States recognized a narrow tract north of the Missouri as Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan territory. This was crucial to the Indians, since they had their only permanent settlement - Like-a-Fishhook Village - located here. Another executive order of July 13, 1880, subtracted area 620 from the tribes' holdings.
Areas 712, 713 and 716 (map 3 -below)
However, extra land straight north of the Missouri made up for some of the loss. Combined area 712 and 713 show the total expense of the Fort Berthold Reservation in 1880. Area 712 was ceded to the United States on December 14, 1886, by agreement. Area 713 shows the reduced holdings of the Arikara, Hidatsa and Mandan. The acreage of the reservation increased slightly with the addition of a small tract on the east side of it on June 17, 1892, by executive order.
Map 3
Areas 654 and 656 (map 2 and also section of map 2)
The areas combined indicates a reserve for the Chippewa established on December 21, 1882 by executive order. Two years later the major part of it was relinquished by executive order of March 29, 1884. The diminished reserve for the Turtle Mountain Chippewa is shown as two yellow survey townships. Within three months, the "President amends Executive order of Mar. 29, 1884" with its far from practical division of the reserve. The executive order of June 3, 1884, made the reserve a whole.
