Eastern Nilotic languages Eastern Nilotic languages primary branches of the Nilotic languages, themselves belonging to the Eastern Sudanic subfamily of Nilo-Saharan ; they are believed to have begun to diverge about 3,000 years ago , and have spread southwards from an original home in Equatoria in South Sudan . They are spoken across a large area in East Africa , ranging from Equatoria to the highlands of Tanzania . Their speakers are mostly cattle herders living in semi-arid or arid plains.Classification According to Vossen , the Eastern Nilotic languages are basically classified as follows by the comparative method . Vossen also provides a reconstruction of Proto-Eastern Nilotic.Bari forms a primary branch, but lower-level splits are less clear.Swadesh approach (Vossen 1982) Vossen's classification using the Swadesh approach is as follows.Bari languages *Mondari *Kakwa *Nyanggwara *Kuku *Pöjulu *Ngyepu *Bari Lotuko–Maa languages *Lotuko languages **Lopit, Dongotono **Lotuko, Lokoya *Ongamo–Maa languages **Ongamo ***Maasai ****Camus, Samburu Teso–Turkana languages *Teso **Nyangatom ***Turkana, Karimojong Gleason approach (Vossen 1982) Bari languages *Kuku, Ngyepu *Pöjulu *Kakwa *Bari *Nyanggwara, Mondari Lotuko languages *Lopit, Dongotono *Lotuko, Lokoya Teso–Turkana languages *Nyangatom **Teso ***Turkana, Karimojong *Ongamo–Maa languages **Ongamo ***Maasai ****Camus, Samburu Sample basic vocabulary of Eastern Nilotic languages from Vossen :Language eye ear nose tooth tongue mouth blood bone tree water to eat name Proto-Eastern Nilotic *-k₃ɔŋ- / *-k₃ɔɲ- *-ku-me / *-ku-me-t₂ik *-k₃ela- *-ŋa-dʸɛp- / *-ŋa-dʸɛp-a *-k₁ʊ-t₁ʊk- *-k₃ɔt *-k₃oyV-t₁- *-tʸani *-pi- *-ɲa- *-k₃a-rɪn- Teso a-kɔ́ŋ-ʊ̀ á-kí-t e-kúmè e-kíàl-àì á-ŋǎjɛ̀p á-kɪ̀tʊ̀k á-àkɔ́t á-kóì-t ɛ́-kɪ́tɔ́-ɪ̀ a-ki-pí akí-ɲám-à é-kɪ́-rɔ́-rɪ̀ Turkana á-kɔŋ-ʊ á-kí-t é-kume ɛ́-kɛl-aɪ a-ŋajɛp a-kʊtuk ŋá-akɔt á-koí-t ɛ-kɪtɔ-ɛ ŋá-kɪpɪ akɪ-ɲam ɛ́-kɪ-rɔ Nyangatom -kɔɲaːn gɪ-t̪e -kume n-kɛl -ŋajɛb -kutʊːk -qɔt ŋ-qöy-ɔ ŋa-kitɔ ŋá-kɪ́-pì tɛ-nɛm -kurɔː Karimojong a-kɔŋ-u a-ki-t é-kùmé ɛ́-qɛ̀l-áe a-ŋadyɛ́p a-kit̪uk ŋa-akɔɔt á-qɔ̀ɪ́-t ɛ-kitɔ-ɪ ŋa-ki-piʔ aki-ɲam e-ke-ro Maasai ɛŋ-kɔŋ-ʊ́ ɛŋ-kɪ-ɔɔk eŋ-kumé ɔl-alá-ɪ̀ ɔl-ŋɛ́jɛ́p ɛŋ-kʊ́tʊ́k ɔ-sárɠɛ́ ol-óì-tò ɔl-caní ɛŋ-kár-ɛ́ a-ɲá ɛŋ-kárn-á Camus ŋ-kɔŋ-ʊ́ ŋ-ké-ok ŋ-kawar-íé l-alá-ɪ̀ l-ŋɛjɛp ŋ-kʊtʊ́k l-ɔɗɔ́ l-óì-tò l-caní ŋ-kár-ɛ́ a-ɲá ŋ-kárn-á Sampur ŋ-kɔŋ-ʊ́ ŋ-kɪ́-yyɔk ŋ-kwar-íé l-alá-ɪ̀ l-ŋɛ́jɛ́p ŋ-kʊtʊ́k l-ɔɗɔ́ l-óì-tò l-caní ŋ-kár-ɛ́ a-ɲá ŋ-kárn-á Ongamo na-hɔŋ-ʊ́ na-ʃɔ́ɔ ʃaɽ-íé ɔ-háa-ɪ ɔ-ŋɛ́jɛ́β-ɪ́ na-kutók na-hɔ́ɔ́t-ʊ́ o-hóí-to ɔ-ʃɛtá na-si-βí -am-/ɲ- na-hárn-á Lotuko ɔ́ɲ-ɛ̀k é-yyòk á-ttàrɪ̀ álà-ɪ̀ ɔ́ŋàjɛ̀p ɛ́-ðùk ɔ́-ɔ̀ðɔ̀ a-xó-tìò á-yyànì á-àr-è á-ŋíyó á-fùrè Oxoriok a-xɔɲ-ɛk e-yok a-xar-iɛ ɔ-xala-i u-ŋadiep a-xutuk a-xɔtɔ o-xoi-toŋ o-xyani a-xar-ɛ ɲo o-furɛ Lopit xɔɲ-ɛk hí-yók hi-mó xalá-tì ŋájɛ́p xʊ́tʊ́k xɔ́tɔ́ xoɪ́t-òì yyánì hi-ɸí-òŋ dáxá ɸúré Dongotono xɔɲ-ɛk cyɔ̂k hí-mè xalá-tɪ̀ ŋádɛ́p xʊ́tʊ́k ɔ-xɔ́t-ɔ́ xoít-ò sánì xár-ɪ́ ɔ-dɔŋɔ́ ɸúrè-ì Lokoya a-ɣɔɲ-ɛk e-xi-yôk o-xi-môŋ o-ɣalá-í ʊ-ŋájɪ́p a-kʊ́tʊ́k a-ɣɔ́tɔ́ ɔ-ɣɔ́t-ɔ̀ŋ ó-yán-dɪ́k a-ɣar-ɛ a-ɲû o-vúré Bari kɔŋ-ɛ́ súö̀-t kúmé kélê ŋɛ́dɛ́p kʊ́tʊ́k rɪ́mà kuyú-tìò kódíní pí-òŋ ɲésù karɛ́n Kakwa kɔɲ-ɛ́ súè kúmé kálá ɲɛ́dɛ́p kʊ́tʊ́ rɪ́mà kʊ́yʊ́ kodiŋí píò ɲósù karɛ́n Kuku kɔ́ŋ-ɛ́ súö̀-t kumé kölö́-ì ŋɛ́dɛ́p kʊ́tʊ́k ɓíyèt kúú-tö̀n ködin-î pí-òŋ yésù karɪ́n Ngyepu kɔŋ-ɛ́ súö̀-t kumé kölö́-ì ŋyɛ́dɛ́p kútúk rɪ́mà kuyú-tyò ködin-í pí-òŋ ɲésu karɛ́n Pöjulu kɔŋ-ɪ́n súö̀-t kumé kelê ŋyɛ́dɛ́p kutúk rɪ́mà kuí-sò ködin-í pí-òŋ ɲésù karɛ́n Nyanggwara kɔŋ-ɛ́ ʃwö́-t kumé kelé ŋɛ́dɛ́p kʊ́tʊ́k rɪ́mà kuyú-tío ködin-í pí-òŋ ɲésù karɛ́n Mondari kɔŋ-ɛ́ sʊ́-t kʊmɪ́ kɛlɛ́ ŋɛ́dɛ́p kʊ́tʊ́k rɪ́mà kú-cö̀ ködí ci-pí ɲö́sút karɛ́n
Footnotes
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