Epaxial and hypaxial muscles


In adult animals, trunk muscles can be broadly divided into hypaxial muscles, which lie ventral to the horizontal septum of the vertebrae and epaxial muscles, which lie dorsal to the septum. Hypaxial muscles include some vertebral muscles, the diaphragm, the abdominal muscles, and all limb muscles. The serratus posterior inferior and serratus posterior superior are innervated by the ventral primary ramus and are hypaxial muscles. Epaxial muscles include other muscles associated with the vertebrae, ribs, and base of the skull. In humans, the erector spinae, the transversospinal muscles, the splenius and suboccipital muscles are the only epaxial muscles.
Hypaxial and epaxial muscles develop directly from somitic cells. Differentiation of hypaxial and epaxial muscles is postulated to have evolved as a new trait in vertebrate animals.

Location

The hypaxial muscles are located on the ventral side of the body, often below the horizontal septum in many species. In all species, the hypaxial muscles are innervated by the ventral ramus of the spinal nerves, while the epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal ramus.