The Epinomis is a dialogue attributed to Plato. Some sources in antiquity began attributing its authorship to Philip of Opus, and many modern scholars consider it spurious. The dialogue continues the discussion undertaken in Plato's Laws. The persons involved in the dialogue are the same as in Laws: Clinias of Crete, Megillus of Sparta, and an Athenianstranger.
Title
The title Epinomis designates the work as an appendix to Plato's Laws. Our sources also make reference to it as the thirteenth book of the Laws, as well as under the titles Nocturnal Council and Philosopher.
Synopsis
Cleinias has returned together with the other participants from the discussion recounted in the Laws, and wants to know what type of knowledge predisposes man to wisdom. The Athenian begins his discussion by saying that the human race is neither blessed nor happy, for life is hard by design. No sooner do the toils of growing up and getting educated end, that old age begins. And yet, he will attempt to answer by first going through the list of existing sciences, like agriculture and medicine, to see if any could be called wisdom. The Athenian finds them all wanting, as they all have to do with opinions rather than truth. He then moves to work by elimination, and see if there is a science that by removing it mankind is rendered thoughtless. Answering this question is much easier: the science of numbers, which is so important it must have been given by God, however one might conceive of him. Everything in nature moves through discrete phases, like the waxing and waning of the moon, and so, everything can be understood through numbers. But as to actual wisdom rather than just knowledge, the Athenian has yet to make his case. And to proceeds, such is the importance of this task, he must first give praise to the gods while correcting the erroneous assumptions on their nature. The most important thing to know is that the soul is older than the body, and is in control of the body, the two conditions being linked as the older is also more divine than the younger. He moves in to say that creation is made from various combinations of the five elements, adding aether to the four essentials: fire, earth, water and air. Animals and men are made mostly from earth, while other more heavenly creatures from the rest of the elements. Most people think of the stars as having no mind because their motion is repetitive. This however is a mistake, as it's for this very reason that the stars are intelligent, enough to always travel in the same course. Considering their size, the stars are not what they appear but are actually immense, in a similar way that the sun appears small but is in fact larger than the earth. The Athenian continues by enumerating the eight planets known to the Greeks. He continues by saying that while the Greeks got their knowledge of astronomy from other nations, only they turned it into real knowledge, thus honouring the gods better. There is also hope that in the future, more knowledge will be acquired, and so mankind will approach the gods even more by understanding it. And so, it is only through that knowledge, the real nature of the universe that mankind can achieve virtue, while even the worst will be somewhat restrained from their evil.
Question of authenticity
The Epinomis forms part of the traditional canon of Plato's works. Already in antiquity, however, Diogenes Laërtius and the sources used by the Suda attributed the work to Philip of Opus. Unlike the other doubtful dialogues, the Epinomis, if it is not the genuine work of Plato, is a literary forgery. The authenticity of Epinomis has also been questioned on the grounds of its philosophical content. Leonardo Tarán, while finding parallels for many of the allegedly un-Platonic elements of the dialogue's style, declared it spurious based on "the much firmer ground of the misunderstanding or contradiction of Platonic doctrines, such as the placing of astronomy above dialectic as the supreme object of study, the rejection of the Ideas, the introduction of a fifth element, aether, between fire and air, and the elaborate theory of daemons inhabiting the three middle elements." Werner Jaeger detected the influence of Aristotle's On Philosophy on much of the Epinomis, including the idea of the "fifth body." Gerard Ledger's stylometric analysis of Plato's works supports the authenticity of Epinomis, finding statistical similarities between this dialogue and Laws, Philebus, Sophist, and Timaeus. Holger Thesleff, who suspected that Plato collaborated with younger associates in writing many of the works attributed to him, considered the closely related style of Laws and Epinomis to be a "secretary's style."
