Equitable Life Building (Manhattan)
The Equitable Life Assurance Building, also known as the Equitable Life Building, was the headquarters of the Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, at 120 Broadway in Manhattan, New York. The building was designed by Arthur Gilman and Edward H. Kendall, with George B. Post as a consulting engineer. The Equitable Life Building was made of brick, granite, and iron, and was originally built with seven above-ground stories and two basement levels, with a height of at least. An expansion in 1885 brought the total height to and nine stories.
Construction started in 1868 and was completed in 1870 under the leadership of Equitable's president Henry Baldwin Hyde. It was the world's first office building to feature passenger elevators and consequently became successful with many tenants. The Equitable Life Building was expanded numerous times; after the construction of annexes during the late 1880s, the building occupied its entire block, bounded by Broadway and Cedar, Pine, and Nassau streets. While touted as fireproof, the Equitable Life Building burned down in a fire in 1912, which killed six people. The site was redeveloped with the 40-story Equitable Building, completed in 1915.
Design
The Equitable Life Building was designed by Arthur Gilman and Edward H. Kendall, with George B. Post as a consulting engineer. The building occupied the entire block bordered by Broadway to the west, Cedar Street to the north, Nassau Street to the east, and Pine Street to the south.The Equitable Life Building was made of brick, granite, and iron, and was originally built with seven above-ground stories and two basement levels. This count excluded a pavilion in the mansard roof above the seventh story, which would have counted as an eighth floor. At the time of its completion, the Equitable Life Building was at least tall, though accounts differ on the height, and it may have been as tall as at its peak. An expansion in 1885 brought the total height to and nine stories. The building was composed of five separate structures at its largest extent. Its final height was reported to have been.
The building was touted as fireproof, and with then-innovative features such as elevators and electric lighting, is considered to be one of the first skyscrapers. With an ornate arcade, it was described as a predecessor to 20th-century edifices that functioned as "micro-cities".
Facade
As built, the articulation of the second and third stories was designed as if they were a single story, and a similar architectural treatment was used for the fourth and fifth floors. These horizontal groupings were separated by cornices, but there was no horizontal separation between the second/third and fourth/fifth floors, leading some observers to erroneously describe the Equitable Life Building as five stories. Rather, the double-story sections contained windows measuring. The columns of windows were separated by vertical piers with paired columns.Features
Interior
The Equitable offices, on the second and third stories, featured the world's "most complete and imposing business hall", with a domed space measuring and supported by twelve marble-clad Corinthian columns. Also within the Equitable Life Building were two raised skylights at the top of the ceiling. On the second floor was a marble counter that enclosed a workspace for 150 clerks, while the offices of 40 officers and agents ran along the periphery of the workroom. A gallery enclosed three sides of the third floor, accessed from a spiral staircase from the office of Henry Baldwin Hyde, founder of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, located in a corner of the second floor.Since Equitable occupied the second and third floors, which were seen as relatively unappealing, it was able to rent out the more desirable quarters in the basements, ground floor, and upper floors. The ground floor and the raised upper basement had banking rooms. Three of the banking rooms had marble floors, as did the entrance hall. When the building was renovated in the late 1880s, the lobby was expanded to stretch the entire block from Broadway to Nassau Street. The enlarged lobby was composed of a, arcade lined with convenience shops, post office boxes, a restaurant, and a barber. The arcade also included a barrel-vaulted ceiling with skylights, as well as a mosaic from the Herter Brothers; one critic described the arcade as a "marvel of the architect's and builder's art", in that respect superseding the nearby 280 Broadway, a grand Italianate department-store building nearby. Also in the lobby was the Cafe Savarin, a French-cuisine eatery on the Pine Street side of the building. A cross-passage stretched from Cedar to Pine Streets.
The fourth through sixth floors had 50 offices, which were occupied almost exclusively by lawyers. There was also a law library with nearly 40,000 volumes, as well as a separate insurance library with 8,000 volumes. Prior to the late 1880s, the seventh floor contained suites for the building's janitorial staff; after the renovation, the seventh and eighth floors were furnished with offices, similarly to the fourth through sixth floors. Also in the Equitable Life Building were three dining rooms.
Innovations
The Equitable Life Building was the first office building in the world to feature passenger elevators, with hydraulic elevators made by the Otis Elevator Company. Before the structure's completion, there were three elevators in the city—one each at the Astor House, the Fifth Avenue Hotel, and a private apartment building—and office building heights had never exceeded four stories. Hyde had been advised against constructing elevators; at the time, prestigious firms did not rent offices above the second floor, since that entailed climbing more flights of stairs, exhausting the workers. Initially, the Equitable Life Building had two steam elevators, but four more were added during the mid-1870s. Four additional elevators were installed in the late 1880s, bringing the elevator count to 10. The highest rental floor, the seventh story, was in high demand: architect George B. Post took the suite facing Broadway for twice the appraised rental price of that suite. The elevators and the views from the top floors attracted thousands of passersby.In addition to the elevators, the Equitable Life Building had other amenities such as electric lighting. After expansion in 1887, the building had nine steel boilers and three hydraulic pumping engines that could pump per minute, and a engine that powered the lighting fixtures. Securities were stored in a welded-chrome and Bessemer steel vault above the Broadway entrance, which was built in 1899–1900. The vault had the latest security systems of the time, including doors and time locks.
The Equitable Life Building was one of the first buildings in the city to use iron floor beams, and exposed iron was common throughout the interior of the building. Nevertheless, while touted as fireproof, the Equitable Life Building still contained combustible components and non-fireproof materials. The floors were made of wood atop brick- or hollow-tile arches; in turn, the arches were situated between the I-beams, which were made of iron and steel. The roof was made of wood and slate. Dumbwaiters in the tile shaft had wooden doors and platforms, while the rest of the building had massive hardwood trim, wooden window sash, and wood-and-glass partitions that were ineffective against fire. The Equitable Life Building also had no automatic sprinklers or chemical extinguishers. The storage vaults were fireproof and survived the 1912 fire.
Artwork
The sculptor John Quincy Adams Ward was hired to make "Protection", a group of statues for the facade of the Equitable Life Building. Ward carved a group that resembled a vignette used on Equitable's insurance policies. Due to defects in the first carving, Ward commissioned a second carving weighing, which was made from one block of marble. The final carving depicted a goddess protecting a widow. This sculptural group was carved in Italy and was unveiled when Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia traveled to the United States in 1871. Badly corroded by rain, it was removed in 1886–1887. The heads survived removal and passed through various ownership.Ward's statue commemorating Hyde was unveiled in 1901. It was placed in the building's corridor. The statue survived the fire that burned down the building. Other statues lined the other halls and stairs in the building.
The Herter Brothers mosaic in the lobby was described as being "the largest in America" when it was completed in 1887. The mural was composed of a draped woman with two draped children, flanked by nude figures of Greek warriors.
History
Context
When Equitable was founded in 1859, the company's first "home office" was located at 98 Broadway, in the same building as Hyde's previous employers, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. At the time, American life insurance had begun "to take on the properties of an important institution" according to the National Park Service, and life insurance firms were some of the first companies to build high-profile skyscrapers. Further, many firms in the Financial District were building to the north of Wall Street, the traditional center of commerce in the neighborhood. Hyde was a member of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church, which helped contribute funding to get Equitable started. William C. Alexander, brother of the church's pastor James Waddel Alexander, was Equitable's first president.The company grew quickly and moved to 92 Broadway in December 1859; at the time, Equitable had $1.14 million of insurance in force. Initially, Equitable occupied four rooms on the second floor, but by 1862, Equitable leased additional space on the third floor. This was followed in the mid-1860s by Equitable's leasing of more space at 94 and 96 Broadway, which were owned by different landlords. By 1867, Equitable had $82.5 million of insurance in force.
Planning, construction, and expansions
The company's success led Equitable's board to hold a meeting in December 1865, on the basis that Equitable needed extra space and had already suffered two fires. Over the next two years, the company acquired seven lots at 116–124 Broadway and 84–86 Cedar Street; the lots totaled and had cost on average. When Hyde suggested to Equitable's building committee that he wanted to build an eight-story edifice, the committee viewed the proposal skeptically, to which Hyde stated that he would include elevators. The committee also looked at buildings in other cities across the U.S., as well as hosted a building competition with eleven contestants, which Gilman and Kendall won. Subsequently, in January 1868, Equitable's building committee authorized the erection of a structure to plans by Gilman and Kendall. The seven buildings were demolished, and construction on the lots at Broadway and Cedar Street commenced in 1868.The first portion of the structure was finished on May 1, 1870. The building had cost nearly $4.16 million. Despite Equitable's growing assets—which had increased from $5 million in 1868 to $11 million in 1870—competitors and the public accused the company and Hyde of "extravagance". The Equitable Life Building was more lavish than other office buildings, due to its construction materials and usage of elevators. The building was profitable, earning $136,000 a year in rent by 1871, with 400 people working inside the building. Its features led other landlords to add elevators and additional floors to their buildings.
Equitable's operations increased further so that, by 1872, workers were cramped for space, leading the company to purchase property to the rear and create a law library. The lots at 122-124 Broadway were leased to a Delmonico's restaurant. The New York Times wrote in 1875 that the building's site and facilities allowed it to "embrace perhaps greater advantages than any other commercial building in the City". A large expansion commenced in March 1875 was completed two months later. Electric lighting was added on a trial basis in 1878, making the Equitable Life Building the city's first office building with such lighting. The Equitable Life Building was extremely profitable: in 1892, Equitable's annual income from renting was estimated to be $300,000, which real-estate developers estimated was 4% of the true value of the building.
In 1885, Equitable filed plans with the New York City Department of Buildings to build a large extension to the Equitable Life Building. Several lots on Broadway and Pine Street, measuring, would be acquired for the annex. The mansard roof would be removed and replaced with the eighth and ninth stories. The expansion was completed by 1887. It was during the late-1880s expansion that the block-through lobby was added, and the Cafe Savarin was opened. At the time, the Equitable Life Building occupied the entire block except for the corner lots on Nassau Street. Author R. Carlyle Buley stated that Equitable did not assume control of the entire block until 1906, when it bought the lots at 17 and 23–25 Nassau Street. These buildings were respectively the Belmont Building and the Western National Building, which were never subsumed by the Equitable Life Building. Post was asked to prepare plans for a 40-story structure in 1897, though the design was ultimately not executed.
The securities vault and the statue of Hyde were added at the end of the 19th century. By 1900, the Equitable Life Building had over 3,000 occupants. In 1907, Daniel H. Burnham's company D. H. Burnham & Company had proposed replacing the Equitable Life Building with a 33-story structure, but the plan was ultimately dropped. Rather, Equitable constructed the Hazen Building on nearby Greenwich Street to store its files.
Destruction
The Equitable Life Building, described as fireproof, was destroyed by a massive fire on January 9, 1912. The fire started in the basement at about 5:00 a.m. EST, but quickly spread to the rest of the building, exacerbated by the presence of open stairway and elevator shafts. Fire crews from Manhattan and Brooklyn were called to put out the blaze, holding up traffic on the Brooklyn Bridge and nearby streets. The outside temperature at the time was, causing the water from the fire trucks to freeze on the building. The tower's height was a disadvantage: fire trucks' ladders could not reach the upper stories, and lifelines from nearby buildings snapped before they could be secured onto the building. There were several high-profile rescues, including that of William Giblin, president of major tenant Mercantile Safe Deposit Company, who had been trapped in a vault. The fire was brought under control at about 9:30 p.m. EST. Smoke continued to billow from the site two days later, and two of the outer structural walls remained standing after the blaze.Six people died, including five employees and one firefighter. Three of the victims had been trapped on the roof while trying to escape. The money in the vaults, appraised at $385 million, was unscathed. Though the building was not covered by insurance policies, Equitable suffered relatively little losses, since the building was valued at less than $3 million, the amount that the company had saved by self-insuring its properties. Damage was estimated at $2 million, but the structure was considered "no asset"; namely, it was worthless because of the high demand for vacant land in the Financial District. Most of the losses were in the value of the building's law library. The land was actually worth more after the fire than beforehand.
Equitable quickly set up temporary quarters at the City Investing Building. The society also sold the land to T. Coleman du Pont in October 1912 for $13.5 million. Du Pont developed the present Equitable Building, designed by Ernest R. Graham & Associates, on the same plot between 1913 and 1915. The massive bulk of the newer building was a major impetus behind the city's 1916 Zoning Resolution, which placed limits on building height and shape.