Erga omnes is a Latin phrase which means "towards all" or "towards everyone". In legal terminology, erga omnesrights or obligations are owed toward all. For instance, a property right is an erga omnes entitlement, and therefore enforceable against anybody infringing that right. An erga omnes right can here be distinguished from a right based on contract, unenforceable except against the contracting party.
International law
In international law, it has been used as a legal term describing obligations owed by states towards the community of states as a whole. An erga omnesobligation exists because of the universal and undeniable interest in the perpetuation of critical rights. Consequently, any state has the right to complain of a breach. Examples of erga omnes norms include piracy and genocide. The concept was recognized in the International Court of Justice's decision in the Barcelona Traction case :
… an essential distinction should be drawn between the obligations of a State towards the international community as a whole, and those arising vis-à-vis another State in the field of diplomatic protection. By their very nature, the former are the concern of all States. In view of the importance of the rights involved, all States can be held to have a legal interest in their protection; they are obligations erga omnes. Such obligations derive, for example, in contemporary international law, from the outlawing of acts of aggression, and of genocide, as also from the principles and rules concerning the basic rights of the human person, including protection from slavery and racial discrimination. Some of the corresponding rights of protection have entered into the body of general international law... others are conferred by international instruments of a universal or quasi-universal character.
The UN’s International Law Commission has codified the erga omnes principle in its draft articles on State responsibility as it, in article 48 of these articles, allows all States to invoke a State responsibility which another State incurred due to its unlawful actions, if “the obligation breached is owed to the international community as a whole”. The ILC refers directly in its comments to this article to the erga omnes principle and the ICJ’s acceptance of it in the Barcelona Traction case.
