Anderberg was born on 1 January 1892 in the Rörstrand neighborhood of Stockholm, Sweden, the son of accountant Anders Anderberg and his wife Anna Eidem-Andersson. He was admitted at age 14 at the six-year long course at the Royal Swedish Naval Academy where he became acting sub-lieutenant in 1912. During his time as a cadet, he served, among other things, aboard the cruiser and the corvette. In the same class, throughout the entire education period was Jacob Wallenberg, later the CEO of Stockholms Enskilda Bank. Between these two a constant struggle of becoming first occurred, and a friendship that lasted a lifetime. After the World War II's neutrality watch and education during the first years as an officer, Anderberg made a lasting effort in the signal and intercommunication service. In 1917 he was in France where he was educated at the École spérieure d'électricité in Paris. Anderberg then underwent radio studies in Paris from 1919 to 1920. During the interwar period, Anderberg's time was filled with teachership at various intercommunication courses, serving as a teacher of intercommunication at the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College from 1923 to 1924 and as a naval assistant at the Board of Telecommunications Services. Anderberg was promoted to lieutenant in 1921 and served in the Naval Staff from 1922 to 1928 and from 1932 to 1934. At the end of the 1920s, when he served in the Communications Department of the Naval Staff, new signal books were prepared. At the same time, he served as attaché at the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Washington, D.C. From 1934 he participated in the preparation of the International Signal Book. Anderberg served as naval attaché in Paris and The Hauge from 1934 to 1937 when he was promoted to commander. While in Paris, he tutored Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland during his service at the Swedish Embassy. Anderberg's technical orientation, his intuitive talent, good memory and outstanding language skills made him particularly suitable for tasks in international contexts. He also engaged in ciphers, where he became an expert of international standing. Anderberg is considered the grand architect of the notion of a unified Swedish signal intelligence authority after playing a crucial role both in the practical development of radio monitoring and in the early recruitment of key civilian personnel of high calibre for cryptoanalytical work. In the spring of 1931, regular signal collection of military radio traffic was started on the coastal defence ship. It comprised Russian, German, and English signals. This was done at the initiative of then captain Anderberg. In 1937 he was appointed head of the Military Signals Department in the new Defence Staff. Before this, under the aegis of the old General Staff, Anderberg had organized courses in cryptology for specially selected candidates from 1930. In 1940 he was appointed captain of the coastal defence ship, which he commanded until 1941. Anderberg served as flag captain in the Coastal Fleet from 1941 to 1943 and he was promoted to captain in 1942. He was then the head of the Royal Swedish Naval Staff College from 1943 to 1945 when he was promoted to rear admiral. Anderberg was appointed Chief of the Naval Staff in 1945 and five years later he served as naval attaché in Washington, D.C. and Ottawa. In 1951 he was appointed commanding officer of the East Coast Naval District. Anderberg retired and left the position in 1957 and was at the same time promoted to vice admiral. After retirement, Anderberg served on the board of Ericsson and Svenska Ackumulator AB Jungner. Anderberg kept his interest in the navy and what happened there. He participated in gatherings, anniversaries and proven talks despite an increasingly reduced visual capacity.
