Evolène
Evolène is a municipality in the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
It includes the villages of Lannaz, Les Haudères, La Sage/Villa, La Forclaz, Arolla and Ferpècle.
History
The prehistoric rock carvings at Alpage De Cotter and the Maison d’habitation in Les Haudères are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance.Evolène is first mentioned in 1250 as Ewelina. In 1444 it was mentioned as in loco de Evolena.
The municipality was formed in 1882 by division of Hérens municipality into Evolène and Saint-Martin.
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure, issuant from a base Vert a mountain Argent, in chief dexter two Mullets of Five and a bird vollant all Or.
Avalanches of 21 February 1999
On 21 February 1999, Evolène was the place of a number of fatal avalanches that caused the deaths of 12 people. This was due to a substantial amount of snow which fell on the Alps during the winter of 1999.The amount of snow that fell during the end of January and the month of February was huge. In spite of this, the snow was able to retain cohesion due to favourable, relatively constant temperature. The situation, however, worsened on the Thursday the 18th, three days before the drama. Weather reports indicated that temperatures were set to rise and between Thursday night and Friday morning, the temperature rose 5 degrees Celsius. This rapid rise caused a mixing between the old and the new layers of snow. In this state, the risk of an avalanche was considered to be at level 3, on a scale of 5. The situation was still not considered to be critical and therefore it was not seen as necessary to instigate any emergency measures. On Saturday 20 February, the avalanche danger was increased to level 4 due to between of fresh snow that fell on the older, established layers, meaning that the possibility of the new layer literally sliding off the older layer increased. The temperature remained constant between Saturday and Sunday 21 February, until midday on Sunday when it began to rapidly rise due to prolonged exposure to the sun.
At precisely 8.27 pm, the first two avalanches were set off on the slopes above Villaz, at an altitude around. They were a combination of fresh powder snow and established spring snow and demolished all trees and chalets in their path, as well as the people unlucky enough to be in the chalets at the time. The two avalanches continued to run along the extremities of Villaz and eventually formed as one massive fusion of snow and debris reaching up to high that came to rest down the slope, after taking 12 lives and cutting off the main road between Evolène and des Haudères.
Geography
Evolène has an area,, of. Of this area, 17.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 12.0% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 0.9% is settled and 69.3% is unproductive land.The municipality is located in the Hérens district and was part of Hérens until 1882.
It is located south of Sion in the Pennine Alps. It is one of the last strongholds of the Franco-Provençal language, being the only village in Switzerland where all generations speak it.
The commune of Evolène is situated in the Val d'Hérens. Evolène is one of the largest municipalities in Switzerland despite having no more than 1,600 inhabitants. This is due to the broken nature of its surrounding alpine terrain, which includes the highest point in the commune, la Dent Blanche at. Due to its mountain terrain Evolène is subjected to a number of natural dangers such as avalanches and aggressive erosion of its main river due to the recession of three surrounding glaciers.
The commune is made up of several close-lying villages. The main village is Evolène, fortunately situated on a plateau above the river, as well as being protected from avalanches by a surrounding forest. Thanks to its favourable position, Evolène was quickly established as the safest village to expand and therefore has become the biggest village in the commune.
Other villages that make up the Evolène commune, such as Arolla, les Haudères, La Sage, La Forclaz and Villaz do not benefit from the same level of natural protection as Evolène and are therefore exposed to more risks and have thus become less desirable to develop. The small village of les Haudères is closely situated to Evolène, at the very extremity of Val d'Hérens. The even smaller villages of Villaz and La Sage are found about up from Evolène. Orientated towards the South, Villaz and La Sage benefit from generous sunlight hours. They are also situated near large Swiss mountain meadows which extend up to an altitude of.
The villages of Evolène and Les Haudères and the hamlet of Lana are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
Climate
Demographics
Evolène has a population of. , 7.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 5.5%. It has changed at a rate of 2.3% due to migration and at a rate of 1.6% due to births and deaths.Most of the population speaks French as their first language, Portuguese is the second most common and German is the third. There are 7 people who speak Italian.
, the gender distribution of the population was 49.1% male and 50.9% female. The population was made up of 745 Swiss men and 58 non-Swiss men. There were 768 Swiss women and 65 non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 1,153 or about 75.8% were born in Evolène and lived there in 2000. There were 111 or 7.3% who were born in the same canton, while 97 or 6.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 121 or 8.0% were born outside of Switzerland.
The age distribution of the population is children and teenagers make up 24.4% of the population, while adults make up 59.7% and seniors make up 15.9%.
, there were 631 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 733 married individuals, 107 widows or widowers and 51 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 579 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.6 persons per household. There were 153 households that consist of only one person and 52 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 598 households that answered this question, 25.6% were households made up of just one person and there were 16 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 133 married couples without children, 224 married couples with children There were 39 single parents with a child or children. There were 14 households that were made up of unrelated people and 19 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing.
there were 547 single family homes out of a total of 897 inhabited buildings. There were 236 multi-family buildings, along with 55 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing and 59 other use buildings that also had some housing.
, a total of 548 apartments were permanently occupied, while 767 apartments were seasonally occupied and 190 apartments were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 6.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality,, was 2.84%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Colors=
id:lightgrey value:gray
id:darkgrey value:gray
ImageSize = width:960 height:210
PlotArea = height:150 left:100 bottom:50 right:100
AlignBars = justify
DateFormat = x.y
Period = from:0 till:1800
TimeAxis = orientation:vertical
AlignBars = justify
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:400 start:0
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:80 start:0
PlotData=
color:yellowgreen width:40 mark: align:center
bar:1850 from:start till:1040 text:"1,040"
bar:1860 from:start till:1057 text:"1,057"
bar:1870 from:start till:1071 text:"1,071"
bar:1880 from:start till:1145 text:"1,145"
bar:1888 from:start till:1183 text:"1,183"
bar:1900 from:start till:1208 text:"1,208"
bar:1910 from:start till:1300 text:"1,300"
bar:1920 from:start till:1244 text:"1,244"
bar:1930 from:start till:1193 text:"1,193"
bar:1941 from:start till:1280 text:"1,280"
bar:1950 from:start till:1315 text:"1,315"
bar:1960 from:start till:1786 text:"1,786"
bar:1970 from:start till:1403 text:"1,403"
bar:1980 from:start till:1453 text:"1,453"
bar:1990 from:start till:1465 text:"1,465"
bar:2000 from:start till:1522 text:"1,522"
Language
The official language is French, but the locals, both young and old, still use a variety of Arpitan for oral communication. Evolène is one of the last strongholds of the Arpitan language across its historical domain. However, as children are schooled in French only, only about a third of all children regularly use their regional language among themselves. All the same, Arpitan is still spoken spontaneously by people of all ages, which means that the language is alive and well, something which is very uncommon in Swiss Romandie.Religion
From the, 1,379 or 90.6% were Roman Catholic, while 39 or 2.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 6 individuals who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 person who was Buddhist and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 53 belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 44 individuals did not answer the question.Education
In Evolène about 470 or of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 116 or have completed additional higher education. Of the 116 who completed tertiary schooling, 54.3% were Swiss men, 31.9% were Swiss women, 7.8% were non-Swiss men and 6.0% were non-Swiss women., there were 118 students from Evolène who attended schools outside the municipality.
Events
The municipality is a popular area for nature lovers and winter sports seekers as well as a popular resort for writers and artists due to its tranquil settings.Traditional annual cow fights are held around the beginning of May each year and jointly shared between Evolène, les Haudères and La Sage.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the CVP which received 57.73% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP, the FDP and the SP. In the federal election, a total of 1,128 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 86.6%.In the 2009 Conseil d'Etat/Staatsrat election a total of 1,002 votes were cast, of which 37 or about 3.7% were invalid. The voter participation was 78.5%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 1,109 votes were cast, of which 37 or about 3.3% were invalid. The voter participation was 86.1%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 59.88%.
Economy
, Evolène had an unemployment rate of 3.2%. , there were 179 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 80 businesses involved in this sector. 99 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 23 businesses in this sector. 287 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 91 businesses in this sector. There were 732 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.0% of the workforce.the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 411. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 88, of which 85 were in agriculture and 3 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 95 of which 26 or were in manufacturing and 49 were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 228. In the tertiary sector; 61 or 26.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 17 or 7.5% were in the movement and storage of goods, 94 or 41.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 4 or 1.8% were the insurance or financial industry, 12 or 5.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 8 or 3.5% were in education and 13 or 5.7% were in health care.
, there were 14 workers who commuted into the municipality and 238 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 17.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 6.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.3% used a private car.