Dating back to at least the 1960s, these methods were recognized by Certaine and Pope. As of late exponential integrators have become an active area of research, see Hochbruck and Ostermann. Originally developed for solving stiff differential equations, the methods have been used to solve partial differential equations including hyperbolic as well as parabolic problems such as the heat equation.
Introduction
We consider initial value problems of the form, where is composed oflinear terms, and is composed of the non-linear terms. These problems can come from a more typical initial value problem after linearizing locally about a fixed or local state : Here, refers to the partial derivative of with respect to . Exact integration of this problem from time 0 to a later time can be performed using matrix exponentials to define an integral equation for the exact solution: This is similar to the exact integral used in the Picard–Lindelöf theorem. In the case of, this formulation is the exact solution to the linear differential equation. Numerical methods require a discretization of equation. They can be based on Runge-Kutta discretizations, linear multistep methods or a variety of other options.
Exponential Rosenbrock methods were shown to be very efficient in solving large systems of stiff ordinary differential equations, usually resulted from spatial discretization of time dependent PDEs. These integrators are constructed based on a continuous linearization of along the numerical solution where This procedure enjoys the advantage, in each step, that This considerably simplifies the derivation of the order conditions and improves the stability when integrating the nonlinearity. Again, applying the variation-of-constants formula gives the exact solution at time as The idea now is to approximate the integral in by some quadrature rule with nodes and weights . This yields the following class of explicit exponential Rosenbrock methods, see Hochbruck and Ostermann, Hochbruck, Ostermann and Schweitzer : with . The coefficients are usually chosen as linear combinations of the entire functions, respectively, where These functions satisfy the recursion relation By introducing the difference, they can be reformulated in a more efficient way for implementation as In order to implement this scheme with adaptive step size, one can consider, for the purpose of local error estimation, the following embedded methods which use the same stages but with weights. For convenience, the coefficients of the explicit exponential Rosenbrock methods together with their embedded methods can be represented by using the so-called reduced Butcher tableau as follows:
Stiff order conditions
Moreover, it is shown in Luan and Osterman that the reformulation approach offers a new and simple way to analyze the local errors and thus to derive the stiff order conditions for exponential Rosenbrock methods up to order 5. With the help of this new technique together with an extension of the B-series concept, a theory for deriving the stiff order conditions for exponential Rosenbrock integrators of arbitrary order has been finally given in Luan and Osterman. As an example, in that work the stiff order conditions for exponential Rosenbrock methods up to order 6 have been derived, which are stated in the following table: Here denote arbitrary square matrices.
Convergence analysis
The stability and convergence results for exponential Rosenbrock methods are proved in the framework of strongly continuous semigroups in some Banach space.
Examples
All the schemes presented below fulfill the stiff order conditions and thus are also suitable for solving stiff problems.
Second-order method
The simplest exponential Rosenbrock method is the exponential Rosenbrock–Euler scheme, which has order 2, see, for example Hochbruck et al :
Third-order methods
A class of third-order exponential Rosenbrock methods was derived in Hochbruck et al., named as exprb32, is given as: exprb32: which reads as where For a variable step size implementation of this scheme, one can embed it with the exponential Rosenbrock–Euler:
Fourth-order ETDRK4 method of Cox and Matthews
Cox and Matthews describe a fourth-order method exponential time differencing method that they used Maple to derive. We use their notation, and assume that the unknown function is, and that we have a known solution at time. Furthermore, we'll make explicit use of a possibly time dependent right hand side:. Three stage values are first constructed: The final update is given by, If implemented naively, the above algorithm suffers from numerical instabilities due to floating point round-off errors. To see why, consider the first function, which is present in the first-order Euler method, as well as all three stages of ETDRK4. For small values of, this function suffers from numerical cancellation errors. However, these numerical issues can be avoided by evaluating the function via a contour integral approach or by a Padé approximant.
Applications
Exponential integrators are used for the simulation of stiff scenarios in scientific and visual computing, for example in molecular dynamics, for VLSIcircuit simulation, and in computer graphics. They are also applied in the context of hybrid monte carlo methods. In these applications, exponential integrators show the advantage of large time stepping capability and high accuracy. To accelerate the evaluation of matrix functions in such complex scenarios, exponential integrators are often combined with Krylov subspace projection methods.
