FATF blacklist


The FATF blacklist, now called the "Call for action", was the common shorthand description for the Financial Action Task Force list of "Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories". The FATF blacklist has been issued by the FATF since 2000, and lists countries which FATF judges to be non-cooperative in the global fight against money laundering and terrorist financing, calling them "Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories". Although non-appearance on the blacklist was perceived to be a mark of approbation for offshore financial centres who are sufficiently well regulated to meet all of the FATF's criteria, in practice, the list included countries that did not operate as offshore financial centres. The FATF updates the blacklist regularly, adding or deleting entries.
FATF describes “High-risk jurisdictions subject to a Call for Action” as having “significant strategic deficiencies in their regimes to counter money laundering, terrorist financing, and financing of proliferation. For all countries identified as high-risk, the FATF calls on all members and urges all jurisdictions to apply enhanced due diligence, and in the most serious cases, countries are called upon to apply counter-measures to protect the international financial system from the ongoing money laundering, terrorist financing, and proliferation financing risks emanating from the country”. As at 21 February 2020, only two countries were on the FATF blacklist: North Korea and Iran.

History

FATF was established by the G7 summit that was held in Paris in 1989. Founding stakeholders include the G-7 Heads of State or Government, President of the European Commission and eight other countries.
The term "non-cooperative" was criticized by some analysts as misleading, as a number of countries on the list simply lacked the infrastructure or resources to cope with relatively sophisticated financial criminals who tried to operate there. Since 2008 the FATF has, at the behest of G20 leaders, installed a more analytical process of identifying jurisdictions deficient in their anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing regimes.

Primary Works

One of the main objectives of the FATF is to establish norms and standards of "legal, regulatory and operational measures" to fight against money laundering, terrorist financing and other related threats to the security and integrity of the international financial system. However, FATF "has no investigative authority." FATF works with nation-states to bring legislative changes and regulatory reforms in the aforementioned sectors. In addition, the FATF also provides policy recommendations that meet international standards to countries for combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. FATF has been providing policy recommendations since 1990 and their recommendations have revised four times since then. FATF also monitors the situations of its members in establishing adequate measures and institutions to fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. FATF also makes sure that it is aware of national-level vulnerabilities of its member states "with the aim of protecting the international financial system from misuse."

Member nations

Full members

According to its official website, there are 39 members of FATF, representing most financial centres around the world.
  9. European Commission
  14. Gulf Cooperation Council

  39. Observer nations

There is currently one FATF observer.

  1. FATF Blacklisting reports

The Blacklist is a term used by the media, which is officially called as "Call for action" nations by the FATF.

June 2000 report

The initial list of fifteen countries regarded as uncooperative in the fight against money laundering, was published in June 2000. The list met criticism from professionals experienced in the offshore financial sector. The designation of the Cayman Islands as non-cooperative was thought to be harsh, particularly as the 2000 report itself acknowledged that "the Cayman Islands has been a leader in developing anti-money laundering programs throughout the Caribbean region. It has served as president of the Caribbean Financial Action Task Force, and it has provided substantial assistance to neighboring states in the region. It has demonstrated cooperation on criminal law enforcement matters, and uncovered several serious cases of fraud and money laundering otherwise unknown to authorities in FATF member states."
The list consisted of the following countries:

  15. June 2001 report

The second FATF report, published in 2001 and including a supplemental report in September, denoted a further eight countries as non-cooperative:

  8. June 2002 report

According to June 2002 report from FATF, following countries were listed as NCCTs.

  14. June 2003 report

According to June 2003 report from FATF, the following countries were listed as NCCTs.

  9. July 2004 report

According to July 2005 report form FATF, the following countries were listed as NCCTs.

  6. June 2005 Report

According to June 2005 report from FATF, the following were listed as NCCTs.

  3. June 2006 report

The seventh list, published in June 2006, listed only the following country as non-cooperative:

  1. June 2007 report

FATF's Eighth NCCT Review listed no countries as non-cooperative. Myanmar was removed on 13 October 2006, Nauru on 13 October 2005 and Nigeria on 23 June 2006.

June 2008 report

FATF identified Uzbekistan, Iran, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and São Tomé and Príncipe, and the northern part of Cyprus as high risk and non-cooperative.

June 2009 statement

FATF issued a "public statement" on 25 February 2009 noting concerns and encouraging greater compliance by the following countries:

  3. October 2010 Statement

The following country has not made sufficient progress in addressing the deficiencies or has not committed to an action plan developed with the FATF to address the deficiencies.

  1. October 2011 Statement

The following countries have not made sufficient progress in addressing the deficiencies or have not committed to an action plan developed with the FATF to address the deficiencies.

  10. February 2012 statement

A total of 17 countries were labeled as high-risk and non-cooperative jurisdictions by FATF. All listed countries below are defined as such; counter-measures were in force only for Iran and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
High-risk and non-cooperative countries, to whom counter-measures applied:
High-risk and non-cooperative countries, not committed to an action plan:

  15. June 2013

A total of 14 countries were identified as jurisdictions that have strategic deficiencies that pose a risk to the international financial system.
Jurisdictions subject to a FATF call on its members and other jurisdictions to apply counter-measures to protect the international financial system from the ongoing and substantial money laundering and terrorist financing risks emanating from the jurisdictions.
Jurisdictions with strategic AML/CFT deficiencies that have not made sufficient progress in addressing the deficiencies or have not committed to an action plan.

  13. October 2013 statement

A total of 13 countries were identified as jurisdictions that have strategic deficiencies that pose a risk to the international financial system.
Jurisdictions with strategic AML/CFT deficiencies that have not made sufficient progress in addressing the deficiencies or have not committed to an action plan.

  9. February 2014

A total of 11 countries were identified as jurisdictions with strategic deficiencies posing a risk to the international financial system.
Jurisdictions with strategic AML/CFT deficiencies that have not made sufficient progress in addressing the deficiencies or have not committed to an action plan.

  8. June 2014 statement

A total of 6 countries were identified as jurisdictions that have strategic deficiencies that pose a risk to the international financial system.
Jurisdictions with strategic AML/CFT deficiencies that have not made sufficient progress in addressing the deficiencies or have not committed to an action plan.

  4. February 2015 statement

The FATF identified following countries which have made significant progress in improving its AML/CFT regime and noted that these countries have established the legal and regulatory framework to meet its commitments in its action plan regarding the strategic deficiencies that the FATF had identified. The following countries are therefore no longer subject to the FATF's monitoring process under its on-going global AML/CFT compliance process.

  6. October 2015 statement

The FATF statement issued on 23 October 2015 identified three high-risk and non-cooperative jurisdictions:
Call to apply counter-measures:
Jurisdictions with strategic deficiencies:

  1. February 2016 statement

The FATF statement from 19 February 2016 dropped Panama from its gray list, but there is still the OECD Myanmar from the list identifying two high-risk and non-cooperative jurisdictions:
Call to apply counter-measures:

  1. February 2017 Statement

Regarding with North Korea, the FATF released the following concern:
"The FATF remains concerned by the DPRK’s failure to address the significant deficiencies in its anti‑money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism regime and the serious threat this poses to the integrity of the international financial system. The FATF urges the DPRK to immediately and meaningfully address its AML/CFT deficiencies. Further, FATF has serious concerns with the threat posed by DPRK’s illicit activities related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and its financing."

Current FATF lists

Current FATF blacklist

As of February 2020, the following countries are on this list:
  1. North Korea
  2. Iran

    Current FATF greylist

As of 24 October 2019, there are following twelve nations on this list:
Greylisted CountryGreylisted Since 2019# action points to be met# action points still unmetDetailsSee also
BahamasOffshore financial services of the Bahamas
BotswanaEconomy of Botswana
CambodiaEconomy of Cambodia
GhanaGhana
IcelandEconomy of Iceland
MongoliaEconomy of Mongolia
PanamaPanama as a tax haven
PakistanJune 2018
Previously greylisted in 2008 and from 2012 to 2015.		2713Though made progress but still noncompliant, has exhausted 15-month plan and been given final 4 months.Economy of Pakistan
Trinidad and TobagoEconomy of Trinidad and Tobago
YemenEconomy of Yemen, Yemeni Crisis, Yemeni Civil War,
ZimbabweEconomy of Zimbabwe

Next FATF review meeting

The FATF Plenary, the decision making body, meets three times a year around February, June and October. The last review meeting took place between 16-21 February 2020 in Paris.

Other similar lists

OECD "gray list"

Although its main focus is on tax crime, OECD is also concerned with money laundering and has complemented the work carried out by the FATF.
The OECD has maintained a 'blacklist' of countries it considers "uncooperative tax havens" in the drive for transparency of tax affairs and the effective exchange of information, officially called "The List of Uncooperative Tax Havens". Since May 2009, no countries were officially listed as uncooperative tax havens in the light of their commitments to implement the OECD standards.
On 22 October 2008, at an OECD meeting in Paris, 17 countries led by France and Germany decided to draw up a new blacklist of tax havens. It had been asked to investigate around 40 new tax havens where undeclared revenue was hidden and which hosted many of the non-regulated hedge funds that came under fire during the financial crisis of 2007–08. Germany, France, and other countries called on the OECD to add Switzerland to a blacklist of countries which encourage tax fraud. On 2 April 2009, the OECD published a list of countries, divided into three parts depending on whether they implemented an "internationally agreed tax standard", in select jurisdictions – tax havens or other financial centers of interest.
The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes reviews and issues reports on compliance of its member tax jurisdictions. The Global Forum's peer review process examines both the legal and regulatory aspects of exchange and the exchange of information in practice.

Other nations regularly accused of terror financing

, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and UAE have been also been regularly accused of doing very little to prevent flow of funds for the terror financing in other nations. Bahrain accepts Muslim Brotherhood affiliate Minbar as an legitimate political player. Qatar directly its interactions with militants by financing "Unites States designated terrorist organisation" Hamas and by allowing several "designated terrorist" units of Taliban to maintain their offices in Qatar. Saudi Arabia also collaborates with the Muslim Brotherhood affiliate al-Islah in Yemeni. Saudi Arabia and UAE are pointed out as hypocrites as they too face accusations of not doing enough to stop terror financing and both nations have links to terrorist organisations from Afghanistan to Yemen.