FR-4


FR-4 is a NEMA grade designation for glass-reinforced epoxy laminate material. FR-4 is a composite material composed of woven fiberglass cloth with an epoxy resin binder that is flame resistant.
"FR" stands for flame retardant, and does not denote that the material complies with the standard UL94V-0 unless testing is performed to UL 94, Vertical Flame testing in Section 8 at a compliant lab. The designation FR-4 was created by NEMA in 1968.
FR-4 glass epoxy is a popular and versatile high-pressure thermoset plastic laminate grade with good strength to weight ratios. With near zero water absorption, FR-4 is most commonly used as an electrical insulator possessing considerable mechanical strength. The material is known to retain its high mechanical values and electrical insulating qualities in both dry and humid conditions. These attributes, along with good fabrication characteristics, lend utility to this grade for a wide variety of electrical and mechanical applications.
Grade designations for glass epoxy laminates are: G-10, G-11, FR-4, FR-5 and FR-6. Of these, FR-4 is the grade most widely in use today. G-10, the predecessor to FR-4, lacks FR-4's self-extinguishing flammability characteristics. Hence, FR-4 has since replaced G-10 in most applications.
FR-4 epoxy resin systems typically employ bromine, a halogen, to facilitate flame-resistant properties in FR-4 glass epoxy laminates. Some applications where thermal destruction of the material is a desirable trait will still use G-10 non flame resistant.

Properties

FR-4 does not specify specific material, but instead a grade of material, as defined by NEMA LI 1-1998 specification. Typical physical and electrical properties of FR-4 are as follows. The abbreviations LW and CW refer to the conventional perpendicular fiber orientations in the XY plane of the board. In terms of Cartesian coordinates, lengthwise is along the x-axis, crosswise is along the y-axis, and the z-axis is referred to as the through-plane direction. Keep in mind that the values for the parameters listed below are an example for a certain manufacturer's material. Each manufacturer will have slightly different values for the parameters listed below. It's better to check the datasheet of the specific material being used. Verifying the actual values is very important for high frequency designs.
ParameterValue
Specific gravity/density
Water absorption−0.125 in < 0.10%
Temperature index
Thermal conductivity, through-plane0.29 W/, 0.343 W/
Thermal conductivity, in-plane0.81 W/, 1.059 W/
Rockwell hardness110 M scale
Bond strength>
Flexural strength – LW>
Flexural strength – CW>
Dielectric breakdown > 50 kV
Dielectric breakdown > 50 kV
Dielectric strength20 MV/m
Relative permittivity 4.4
Relative permittivity 4.4
Dissipation factor 0.017
Dissipation factor 0.018
Dielectric constant permittivity4.70 max.,,
Glass transition temperatureCan vary, but is over 120 °C
Young's modulus – LW
Young's modulus – CW
Coefficient of thermal expansion – x-axis1.4 K
Coefficient of thermal expansion – y-axis1.2 K
Coefficient of thermal expansion – z-axis7.0 K
Poisson's ratio – LW0.136
Poisson's ratio – CW0.118
LW sound speed3602 m/s
CW sound speed3369 m/s
LW acoustic impedance6.64 MRayl

where:
; LW: Lengthwise
; CW: Crosswise
; PF: Perpendicular to laminate face

Applications

FR-4 is a common material for printed circuit boards. A thin layer of copper foil is laminated to one or both sides of an FR-4 glass epoxy panel. These are commonly referred to as copperclad laminates.
When ordering a copper clad laminate board, the FR-4 and copper thickness can both vary and so are specified separately. In the USA, copper foil thickness is specified in units of ounces per square foot, commonly referred to simply as ounce. Common thicknesses are 1 oz/ft2, 2 oz/ft2, and 3 oz/ft2. These work out to thicknesses of 34.1 μm, 68.2 μm, and 102.3 μm, respectively. Some PCB manufacturers refer to 1 oz/ft2 copper foil as having a thickness of 35 μm.
FR-4 is also used in the construction of relays, switches, standoffs, busbars, washers, arc shields, transformers and screw terminal strips.