Federal Convention (German Confederation)
The Federal Convention was the only central institution of the German Confederation from 1815 until 1848, and from 1850 until 1866. The Federal Assembly had its seat in the Palais Thurn und Taxis in Frankfurt. It was organized as a permanent congress of envoys.
The German Confederation and its Federal Assembly came into existence as a result of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 after the defeat of Napoleon. The original task was to create a new constitutional structure for Germany after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire eight years before. The princes of the German states wanted to keep their sovereignty, therefore the German Confederation was created as a loose confederation of independent monarchist states, but included four free cities as well. The founding act was the German Federal Act of June 8, 1815, which was part of the treaty of the Congress of Vienna.
The Federal Assembly was created as a permanent congress of envoys of all member states, which replaced the former imperial central power of the Holy Roman Empire. The Federal Assembly took its seat at the Palais Thurn und Taxis in Frankfurt, where it met once a week after November 5, 1816.
The Federal Assembly was presided over by the Austrian delegate and consisted of two executive bodies: the inner council and the plenary session. Its members were not elected, neither by popular vote nor by state parliaments, but had been appointed by the state governments or by the state's prince.
The inner council consisted of 17 curias. The inner council determined the legislative agenda and decided which issues should be discussed by the plenary session. Decisions of the inner circle initially required an absolute majority, but in 1822 unanimous consent was required for all decisions to have force. The plenary session had 69 seats, according roughly to the state's sizes. The plenary session was involved especially in decisions regarding constitutional changes, which initially required a majority of two-thirds of the vote but was also changed to unanimous consent. The votes of the diet's members were distributed thus:
| State | Inner Council Curia | Plenary Total Votes |
| Austria | I | 4 |
| Prussia | II | 4 |
| Bavaria | III | 4 |
| Saxony | IV | 4 |
| Hanover | V | 4 |
| Württemberg | VI | 4 |
| Baden | VII | 3 |
| Electoral Hesse | VIII | 3 |
| Grand Duchy of Hesse | IX | 3 |
| Holstein and Lauenburg | X | 3 |
| Luxembourg and Limburg | XI | 3 |
| Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach | XII | 1 |
| Saxe-Coburg | XII | 1 |
| Saxe-Gotha | XII | 1 |
| Saxe-Hildburghausen | XII | 1 |
| Saxe-Meiningen | XII | 1 |
| Brunswick | XIII | 2 |
| Nassau | XIII | 2 |
| Mecklenburg-Schwerin | XIV | 2 |
| Mecklenburg-Strelitz | XIV | 1 |
| Oldenburg | XV | 1 |
| Anhalt-Bernburg | XV | 1 |
| Anhalt-Dessau | XV | 1 |
| Anhalt-Cöthen | XV | 1 |
| Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt | XV | 1 |
| Schwarzburg-Sondershausen | XV | 1 |
| Hohenzollern-Hechingen | XVI | 1 |
| Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen | XVI | 1 |
| Liechtenstein | XVI | 1 |
| Lippe-Detmold | XVI | 1 |
| Reuss, elder line | XVI | 1 |
| Reuss, younger line | XVI | 1 |
| Schaumburg-Lippe | XVI | 1 |
| Waldeck | XVI | 1 |
| Hesse-Homburg | XVI | 1 |
| Bremen | XVII | 1 |
| Frankfurt | XVII | 1 |
| Hamburg | XVII | 1 |
| Lübeck | XVII | 1 |
The decisions of the Federal Assembly had been mandatory for the member states, but the execution of those decisions remained under the control of each member state. As well, the member states remained fully sovereign regarding customs, police, and military.
Until the March Revolution of 1848 and again after 1851 the Federal Assembly of the German Confederation was the main instrument of the reactionary forces of Germany to suppress democracy, liberalism and nationalism. For example, during 1835/36, the Federal Assembly decreed rules for censorship, which banned the works of Heinrich Heine and other authors in all states of the German Confederation.
After the March Revolution of 1848, the Federal Assembly of the German Confederation was challenged by the newly formed National Assembly, which began its sittings in Frankfurt on 18 May 1848. On 28 June, the National Assembly decided to created a provisional government for all of Germany prior to the creation of a Constitution. On 29 June, they elected Archduke John of Austria to be the Regent of the Provisional Central Power.
At noon on 12 July 1848, the Federal Assembly handed over its responsibilities to the Regent and formally dissolved itself. The act lent legitimacy and, at least in theory, legally binding authority to the new office. However, the Regent refused to employ his powers and remained passive during this period. The National Assembly lost prestige and was closed on 19 June 1849. The Regent resigned his office on 20 December 1849, though not before transferring all responsibilities of the provisional government to Austria and Prussia on 30 September.
Prussia spent the next year challenging Austria's claims to supremacy in Germany, but on 30 November 1850 the Punctuation of Olmütz forced Prussia to abandon its proposal to alter Germany's political composition in its favor. By that time, all of the states in Germany had suppressed their Constitutions, popularly elected parliaments, and democratic clubs, thus erasing all work of the revolution. On 30 May 1851, the old Confederate Diet was reopened in the Thurn and Taxis Palace.
The Federal Assembly was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, the terms being dictated by the Peace of Prague on 23 August 1866. Although the North German Confederation was legally not the successor of the German Confederation, the new Federal Council could be seen as a kind of replacement for the Federal Assembly.