Fort Rivière


Fort Rivière is a ruined mountain fort on the summit of Montagne Noire, Saint-Raphaël Arrondissement. It's located on the north coast of Haiti and to the south of Grande-Rivière-du-Nord and 20 miles south of Cap-Haïtien. It was a French bastion fort that was the site of the defeat of the Haitian rebel force called the Cacos on 17 November 1915.

Historical background

In 1915, Haiti was in a state of political upheaval. On 28 July 1915, two companies of the United States Marines and three United States Navy sailors landed in Haiti, beginning a nineteen-year occupation of Haiti by the U.S. Marines.
The Marines and sailors under Admiral William B. Caperton rapidly reestablished an interim government. Police, customs, schools and hospitals were all placed under the purview of the Marines and Naval personnel assigned to the occupation.
The Marines established a law enforcing constabulary, commanded by Marine non-commissioned officers who were granted Haitian commissions as officers and leaders of native troops. This group was assigned to enforce all laws of the country while providing a quasi-military force. They were backed by the 1st Marine Brigade with 88 officers and 1,941 men guarding ten towns.

Conflict between U.S. Forces and the Cacos

The establishment of an interim government and law enforcement presence did not satisfy a group of rebels called the Cacos. On the northern end of the country, skirmishing continued in the villages and mountains. In October 1915, the Cacos began again their assault on U.S. forces in government-controlled towns. It was during this same period that Gunnery Sergeant Daniel Daly and Major Smedley Butler were each awarded their second Medal of Honor.
On 17 November 1915, Butler surrounded the last stronghold of the Cacos at Fort Rivière on a mountain to the south of Grand Riviere du Nord. At 7:30 a.m., Butler signaled all of his troops to attack. The surprise was successful, confusing the Cacos. Crawling through a tunnel, Butler and his men were involved in hand-to-hand fighting. More than 50 Cacos were killed within 15 minutes.