Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis


The Frigg and Freyja common origin hypothesis holds that the Old Norse goddesses Frigg and Freyja descend from a common Proto-Germanic figure, as suggested by the numerous similarities found between the two deities. Scholar Stephan Grundy comments that "the problem of whether Frigg or Freyja may have been a single goddess originally is a difficult one, made more so by the scantiness of pre-Viking Age references to Germanic goddesses, and the diverse quality of the sources. The best that can be done is to survey the arguments for and against their identity, and to see how well each can be supported."
The names Freyja and Vanir are not attested outside of Scandinavia, as opposed to the name of the goddess Frigg, who is mentioned as Frīg in Old English and as Frīja in Old High German, all stemming from Proto-Germanic *Frijjō. Although there is no similar evidence for the existence of a common Germanic goddess from which Freyja descends, some scholars have argued that this may simply be due to the scarcity of records outside of the North Germanic tradition.

Etymology

It has also been suggested that the names Freyja and Frigg may stem from a common linguistic source. This theory, however, is rejected by most linguists in the field, who interpret the name Frigg as related to the Proto-Germanic verb *frijōn and stemming from a substantivized feminine of the adjective *frijaz, whereas Freyja is regarded as descending from a feminine form of *frawjōn. On the other hand, the names Freyja and Freyr are cognates stemming from the common root *frawjōn, which does not necessarily imply further relation.

Common mythological traits

Both Frigg and Freyja are associated with weaving, combining the aspects of a love goddess and a domestic goddess. In Sweden and some parts of Germany, the asterism of Orion's Belt is known as her distaff or spindle.