In the Libyan campaign, Chilton was described as an exceptionally careful planner who liked to leave nothing to chance. In May 1941 Chilton was awarded the Distinguished Service Order, which cited his "conspicuous gallantry, coolness and initiative". During the Greek campaign, New Zealand General Bernard Freyberg praised Chilton as a fine man and Freyberg also praised Chilton for his calm attitude during the campaign. From 1943 to 1945, Sir Frederick, with the rank of brigadier, commanded the 18th Australian Infantry Brigade in Buna, the Ramu Valley and later in Borneo. In the New Guinea campaign, Chilton was described as modest and self-effacing but with a keen sense of duty; Chilton had already proved himself a resolute leader and careful planner. Chilton was awarded a Bar to his DSO in March 1945. At the end of hostilities he was military governor of the Celebes and accepted the Japanese surrender from General Fusataro Teshima.
Public servant
At the war's end, Sir Frederick joined the JointIntelligence Service and helped map out Australia's Cold War strategy that led to the formation of ASIO and ASIS. He is credited with helping crack a Russian spy ring attempting to operate in Australia. In 1948, he was appointed assistant secretary of the Defence of Department and two years later promoted to the position of chairman of the Repatriation Commission, the forerunner of the Department of Veterans' Affairs. Chilton said that the time when he led the Repatriation Commission was "perhaps the most useful, productive and satisfying years of my working life, and they gave full scope to whatever leadership qualities I may have possessed". He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1957, and was promoted to Commander in 1963. In 1969, the year before he retired, he was knighted.
Dying in 2007, aged 102, Sir Frederick never married, and rarely spoke of his military life. He was remembered as the last surviving commanding officer of the 2/2nd Infantry Battalion of the 6th Division; he was farewelled in Sydney by a handful of his former colleagues. The handful of surviving soldiers from Sir Frederick's 2/2 Battalion, all in their late 80s, reflected on their experiences serving under a man they described as "inspirational and genuine". Former sergeant Carl Parrott said: "He was an excellent man. He wasn't highfalutin; he was just a good bloke. There are some commanding officers I wouldn't walk five miles for, but I'd go miles and miles for him."
National honours
In 2012, a street in the Canberra suburb of Casey was named Chilton Street in Frederick Oliver Chilton's honour.
