Free-fire zone


A free-fire zone in U.S. military parlance is a fire control measure, used for coordination between adjacent combat units. The definition used in the Vietnam War by U.S. troops may be found in field manual FM 6-20:

World War II

General Chuck Yeager in his autobiography describes his disapproval of shoot-anything-that-moves low level strafing missions during World War II. He described his feeling that, had the U.S. lost the war, it might have been considered a criminal activity.

Vietnam War

Returning veterans, affected civilians and others have said that U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, based on the assumption that all friendly forces had been cleared from the area, established a policy designating "free-fire zones" as areas in which:
Around 220,000 civilians killed by US/GVN forces were counted as "enemy KIA" in battlefield operations reports during battles against VC/NVA, according to Guenter Lewy due to the use of free-fire zones,. There are no distinctions between enemy KIA and civilian KIA inadvertently killed in the crossfire or through deployment of heavy artillery, aerial bombardment and so-on. Part of this stemmed from the doctrine requirements of producing "enemy body count" during the Vietnam War, which saw violations and statistical manipulations due to ongoing pressures from MACV on units.

Dellums hearings

Free-fire zones were discussed during 1971 ad hoc hearings sponsored by Congressman Ron Dellums, organized by Citizens' Commission of Inquiry on US War Crimes.

Lawrence Wilkerson

Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson flew helicopters low and slow through Vietnam. He claims to have had vocal disagreements with some of his superiors and members of his own gunner crew over free-fire zones, including an incident in which one of his crew shot a wagon that had a little girl inside of it. He describes one incident in which he prevented a war crime by purposely placing his helicopter between a position that was full of civilians and another helicopter that wanted to launch an attack on the position.