Fudan University
Fudan University is a major public research university in Shanghai, China. It is widely considered as one of the most prestigious and selective universities in China. Founded in 1905, shortly before the end of China's imperial Qing dynasty, Fudan was the first university established independently by the Chinese people. Fudan is a member of the elite C9 League and a Chinese Ministry of Education Class A Double First Class University.
Fudan is renowned for its liberal atmosphere and rigorous academics. It is an important academic center for Chinese humanities, natural sciences, and medical studies. Fudan enjoys the reputation of The No.1 Academy of Jiangnan. For the past hundred years, Fudan has made significant contributions to the development of the country, the rejuvenation of the nation, the well-being of the society, and the advance of the national education, science, medicine, and technology. Fudan has cultivated a number of outstanding talents and many prominent figures for modern China. Notable Fudan alumni include Chen Yinke, Chen Wangdao, Chu Coching, Yan Fu, Yu Youren and "China's Kissinger" Wang Huning.
Fudan is a collegiate university with five colleges – Zhide, Tengfei, Keqing, Renzhong, and Xide. It is now composed of four campuses in Shanghai – Handan, Fenglin, Zhangjiang, and Jiangwan – which share the same central administration. Fudan has 17 hospitals affiliated. In the 2018 QS Asian University Ranking, Fudan ranks 2nd in China and No. 7 in Asia.
History
Fudan University, formerly romanized as Fuh Tan, was founded as Fudan Public School in 1905, by Ma Xiangbo, SJ, who had resigned from Aurora University. The two Chinese characters Fu and Dan, meaning both " day after day" and "Aurora Revived", were chosen by Ma on the recommendation of Yu Youren, from the Confucian Classic Shangshu Dazhuan : "Itinerant as the twilight, sun glows and moon luminesces". The university motto "Scientia et studium, quaestīo et cogitation" comes from Analects Book 19.6, which means "to learn extensively and adhere to aspirations, to inquire earnestly and reflect with self-application".In 1911, during the Xinhai Revolution, the college was occupied as headquarters of the Guangfu Army and closed down for almost one year.
In 1917, Fudan Public School became a private university named the Private Fudan University, and also had a middle school and university-preparatory school. In 1929, Fudan reorganized its departments, expanding to include departments of journalism, municipals, law, and education.
After the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, Fudan moved with the Kuomintang government to the inland city of Chongqing, the wartime Chinese capital. On 25 December 1941, the First Meeting of Fifth Conference of the Highest Executive Authority of the National Government of the Republic of China voted to change Fudan University to a public university with Wu Nanxuan as its president. Fudan University then became National Fudan University. After the end of World War II, it moved back to Shanghai.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Fudan lost its "National" appellation and became Fudan University to reflect the fact that all universities under the new socialist state would be public. Fudan was the first university to be reorganized by the new government in 1952 and modeled on Soviet education. The original departments were changed, with arts and sciences departments from at least ten other universities in eastern China being added. Parts of Aurora University merged into Fudan in 1952.
In the late 1970s, after the Cultural Revolution, the university was converted to a modern, comprehensive university.
Fudan University and Shanghai Medical University merged on 27 April 2000.
In December 2019, Fudan University changed its charter, removing the phrase "academic independence and freedom of thought" and including a "pledge to follow the Communist party's leadership", leading to protests among the students. It also said that Fudan University had to “equip its teachers and employees” with “Xi Jinping Thought”, leading to concerns about the diminishing academic freedom of Fudan.
Institutions
Organizations
Fudan University comprises 17 full-time schools, 69 departments, 73 bachelor's degree programs, 22 disciplines and 134 sub-disciplines authorized to confer PhD degrees, 201 master's degree programs, 6 professional degree programs, 7 key social science research centers of Ministry of Education P.R.C, 9 national basic science research and training institutes and 25 post-doctoral research stations. It has 40 national key disciplines granted by the Ministry of Education, nationally third. At present, it has 77 research institutes, 112 cross-disciplinary research institutes, and 5 national key laboratories. See a list of schools and departments at Fudan.Fudan University enrolls over 45,000, including full-time students and students in continuing education and online education. Additionally, there are nearly 1,760 international students, ranking second nationally.
Fudan University has a high-level research faculty of over 2,600 full-time teachers and researchers, including 1,350 professors and associate professors, 47 academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, nearly 660 doctoral supervisors, 26 special professors and 2 lecture professors of "Cheungkong Scholars Program", 3 distinguished professors and 10 special professors of Fudan University, 6 principal scientists of Project 973 and 25 "Young Experts with Prominent Contributions to the Country".
Fudan University has 17 affiliated hospitals, such as Zhongshan Hospital and Huashan Hospital, integrating medical service, medicine education, and research.
Fudan University has an "International Student's Dormitory", a building reserved as living quarters for any students from countries other than China studying either degree or non-degree programs. Notable alumni include Jennifer Chu and Audrey Lamsam of Arcadia, California, who started a nonprofit organization called "Food4Me" in 2012. This organization first stemmed from their studies as non-degree Chinese students at the university.
Fudan is a member of Universitas 21, an international consortium of research-driven universities.
The Guanghua Twin Towers at the center of the Handan campus reach 140.5 meters, reportedly the highest buildings ever constructed in a university campus in Asia, and 2nd around the world.
The High School Affiliated to Fudan University, located on the Handan campus, is one of the most prestigious high schools all over China mainland.
Library
Fudan University Library was formally established in 1922, previously known as the Reading Room of Wu Wu. Today it comprises the Liberal Arts Library, the Science Library and the Medical Library, with a total floor of 29,000 square meters.By the end of 2004, the Library's collection composed of more than 4.4588 million copies and articles, including books, journals, bound volumes of newspapers, and audio-visual recordings. Of all these 400,000 are thread-bound books of Chinese classics, 100,000 are books published during the reign of the Republic of China, and 1.392 million are foreign books. Additionally, there are 32,000 Chinese and foreign journals and periodicals. Every year 100,000 new books will be added to enlarge the collection. The library subscribes to around 7,000 printed journals.
The library has access to 24,000 full-text e-journals and over 150 CD and online databases. It has eight open stacks, two general reading rooms and 19 reading rooms with specialized functions, totaling 2,400 seats. The library is open for 112 hours weekly and serves more than 7,000 visiting readers daily.
The Fudan University Library is divided into the China Academic Humanities and Social Sciences Library, the National Foreign Textbook Center for East China, the Documentation and Information Center for Liberal Arts, and the Central Stacks for Foreign Books of Liberal Arts. Additionally, the library has the Shanghai Electronic Documents Searching Center for Graduates, the CD Searching Center shared by the universities in Northeast Shanghai, and the General Search Station for Updated Science and Technology Information Authorized by the Ministry of Education, the Search Station for Updated Science and Technology Information Authorized by the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee. The library edits and publishes two journals: China Index and Information Services of the Higher Education Institutions in Shanghai.
The library's integrated computer management system has been upgraded several times. In addition to general services, the Library provides services of international online information retrieval, various types of e-resources searching, interlibrary loans, document delivery service, online consultation, updated information search, user training, tape duplication, multimedia viewing, document duplication, and binding, etc. The courses of literature and information retrieval are designed for Library users of different levels.
Reputation and rankings
The QS World University Rankings 2021 ranked Fudan at 34th in its global rankings while it was 7th in the independent regional QS Asian University Rankings and 3rd in QS BRICS University Rankings, respectively. Further, ARWU put it at a position among 101–150th globally. It is among the top five universities in mainland China in all of the above league tables.Admissions
Undergraduate program
Fudan University's undergraduate program is extremely selective. Fudan is one of the five universities in China whose undergraduate programs are the hardest for students to get in: less than 0.2% of National College Entrance Examination takers can make it. Fudan has been placed consistently among the three most selective universities in China for the last twenty years.Fudan has reconstructed its course system to suit education goals. A course scheme of general education, specialized education and basic education in arts and sciences has been implemented. Encompassing a complete and comprehensive range of disciplines, the courses of general education enable students to receive education in diverse fields. All of the 70-plus undergraduate majors of Fudan have been put into seven general categories so that students can benefit on a broader scale from the systematic discipline training. According to the Education Scheme for Arts and Sciences, course modules are determined by discipline systems and course suits, and credits by course modules. In this sense, Fudan provides students with more options for their college studies. In contrast with the traditional syllabus, the new module has appropriately decreased the gross credits and class hours. Along with minor programs and extracurricular academic activities, it contributes greatly to the intellectual development of undergraduate students, exposing them to a wider range of knowledge.
Graduate program
The Graduate School of Fudan University was established on 6 November 1984 and the Graduate School of Shanghai Medical University on 25 January 1985. Both were among the first 22 graduate schools after China's universities officially resumed enrolling graduate students. With the merger of Shanghai Medical University and Fudan University in April 2000, the two graduate schools were joined to be a new Graduate School of Fudan University. Therefore, a comprehensive graduate education structure is formed with disciplines in humanities, law, sciences, engineering, medicine, and management.International students
Starting from the 1950s, Fudan has enrolled international students – one of the first few institutions in China to do so. Since then, Fudan has accepted and trained over 10,000 foreign students from 100 countries and regions worldwide. At the end of 2006, there were 2,812 international students studying at Fudan University, ranked number 2 in the nation. Half of them were actively pursuing degrees, the rest were general visiting scholars. In addition, Fudan enrolls over 1700 short-term students each year.The international student programs consist of degree programs and non-degree programs. The university has also established a Bachelor of Arts program called the "Chinese language for international students" and there have been seven groups of graduates. Besides all levels of Chinese language teaching, the university has opened courses such as Chinese literature, Chinese history, Chinese economy, Chinese philosophy, and Chinese law for interested international students. These courses will introduce students to basic knowledge of Chinese social economy, history, and culture, according to their different requirements. In addition, several graduate programs are offered in English. For instance Master of Business Administration, Master of Public Health, as well as other programs offered in conjunction with partner universities abroad. The university's programs in medicine leading to the Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery degree are also available to international students.
The International Students Office is responsible for the management of all international students at Fudan University.
Campus
Fudan has established a campus structure called "one-body-two-wings", where the body is Handan campus and Jiangwan campus, which are only apart, and the two wings are Fenglin campus and Zhangjiang campus. All four campuses are in downtown Shanghai and share the same central administration.Handan campus
Handan campus, the main campus of Fudan, is located in Yangpu District, Shanghai. It contains the majority of the schools and departments. Freshman undergraduates live on this campus. Handan campus consists of four sub-campuses, namely the headquarters campus, the south campus, the north campus, and the east campus.Fenglin campus
, or Medical Center of Fudan University is at Fenglin campus, located in Xuhui District, Shanghai. In July 2014, the campus began a 2-year large-scale construction project. About 4000 students move out of the old campus for the construction and in July 2017 students came back to it.Zhangjiang campus
Zhangjiang campus is located in Shanghai's Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong District. It comprises the School of Microelectronics, the School of Computer science and technology, the School of Software, and the School of Pharmacy.Jiangwan campus
Only apart from Handan campus, Jiangwan campus is a new campus of Fudan University. The School of Law has moved to Jiangwan, and other schools will follow, including the School of Life Science, the College of Foreign Language and Literature, and School of Social Development and Public Policy.Student associations
There are four categories of student associations: Academic Societies, Practical Societies, Artistic Societies, and Physical Culture Societies. See also Student Associations at Fudan.Presidents
Public:- 1905–1906 Ma Xiangbo
- 1906–1907 Yan Fu
- 1907–1909 Xia Jingguan
- 1909–1910 Gao Fengqian
- 1910–1912 Ma Xiangbo
- 1913–1917 Li Denghui
- 1917–1936 Li Denghui
- 1918 Tang Luyuan
- 1924–1925 Guo Renyuan
- 1936–1940 Qian Xinzhi
- 1940–1943 Wu Nanxuan
- 1943–1949 Zhang Yi
- 1949–1952 Zhang Zhirang
- 1952–1966 Chen Wangdao
- 1972–1977 Chen Wangdao
- 1978–1983 Su Buqing
- 1983–1988 Xie Xide
- 1988–1993 Hua Zhongyi
- 1993–1998 Yang Fujia
- 1998–2009 Wang Shenghong
- 2009–2014 Yang Yuliang
- 2014 – Xu Ningsheng
Notable alumni
Today, associations organized by Fudan's alumni can be found in the United States, Japan, Australia, Canada, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and mainland China. Educationally, academically and economically, Fudan alumni's strengthened ties with their alma mater are playing a significant role in the development of the University. The routine services of these alumni associations include: updating contact lists, holding conferences, conducting Sino-foreign cultural exchanges, and keeping contact with other alumni associations throughout the world.
Li Deng-hui, ex-president of Fudan instructed the students to unite, serve and sacrifice. A well-known 77-year-old architect from the Alumni Association in Taipei also said that strength lies in unity and that Fudan alumni are expected to serve as an example in the increasing mergers of higher learning schools in mainland China.
A worldwide gathering is held annually in order to promote the relations between the alumni all over the world.
Notable Fudan alumni are listed below.
Government and Politics
- Wang Huning, Member of the 19th Politburo Standing Committee of PRC, First Secretary of the Party Secretariat.
- Han Zheng, Member of the 19th Politburo Standing Committee of PRC, Senior Vice-Prime Minister of PRC.
- Li Lanqing, Member of the 15th Politburo Standing Committee of PRC, Senior Vice-Prime Minister of PRC.
- Li Yuanchao, Member of the 17th, 18th Party Politburo of PRC, Vice President of PRC.
- Ding Xuexiang, Member of the 19th Party Politburo of PRC, Director of the General Office of the CPC, Secretary of the Party Secretariat.
- Han Qide, Vice Chairperson of the NPC, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC, Chairman of the Jiusan Society, Academician of CAS.
- Sang Guowei, Vice Chairperson of the NPC, Chairman of the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party, Academician of CAE.
- Chen Zhili, Vice Chairperson of the NPC, Minister of Education of PRC, President of the ACWF.
- Cai Dafeng, Vice Chairperson of the NPC, Chairman of the China Association for Promoting Democracy.
- Zhou Gucheng, Vice Chairperson of the NPC, historian
- Wang Jiarui, Vice Chairman of the CPPCC.
- Tang Jiaxuan, Foreign Minister of PRC.
- Jiang Jufeng, Governor of Sichuan Province.
- Liang Baohua, Governor of Jiangsu Province.
- Wang Wentao, Governor of Heilongjiang Province.
- Bagatur, Governor of Inner Mongolia.
- Zhang Zhirang, Federal Judge of PRC.
- Chen Jian, Vice Secretary-General of the United Nations.
- Nie Chenxi, director and Party branch secretary of National Radio and Television Administration and deputy director of Publicity Department of CPC
- Jiang Mianheng, Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, first President of ShanghaiTech University
- Shao Lizi, notable politician, democrat.
- Yu Youren, President of the Control Yuan of Republic of China.
- Lee Huan, Premier of the Republic of China.
- Yu Ching-tang, Vice Premier of the Republic of China.
- Juliana Young Koo, diplomatist
Humanities
- Chen Yinke, sinologist, linguist, poet, historian
- Chen Wangdao, linguist, educator
- Xu Beihong, painter, educator
- Yan Fu, notable Chinese scholar, translator
- Wu Lifu, traditional Chinese painter, translator, writer, poet, literary critic
- Wang Anyi, novelist, 2000 Mao Dun Literature Prize winner
- Wang Huo, novelist and screenwriter, 1997 Mao Dun Literature Prize winner
- Liang Xiaosheng, novelist and screenwriter, 2019 Mao Dun Literature Prize winner
- Chen Sihe, literary critic
- Hong Ying, writer, poet
- Li Wenjun, translator, proser, writer
- Xia Zhengnong, writer, chief editor of Chinese encyclopedia Cihai.
- Eugene Yuejin Wang, sinologist, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Professor of Asian Art, Harvard University
- Charles Burton, sinologist, former Canadian diplomat and senior Government advisor
- Liam D'Arcy Brown, a notable British sinologist, travel-writer
- Luo Jialun, educator, historian, diplomat, and political activist. First President of National Tsing Hua University. President of National Central University
- Qiu Xigui, historian and palaeographer
- Tang Zhijun, historian
- Ge Jianxiong, historical geographer
- Ge Zhaoguang, historian
- Qian Wenzhong, historian, Tibetologist, Indologist
- Xu Fancheng, philosopher, Indologist, poet, painter
Social Sciences
- Wang Tieya, eminent Chinese jurist
- Hanming Fang, economist, University of Pennsylvania
- Yingyao Hu, economist, Johns Hopkins University
- Panle Jia, economist, Cornell University
- Wei Jiang, economist, Columbia University
- Zheng Song, economist, Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shang-Jin Wei, economist, Columbia University
- Wu Jinglian, economist
- Lin Zhou, economist, Shanghai Jiaotong University; Fellow of Econometric Society
- Yihong Xia, economist, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
- Hua He, economist, Yale University
- Xunyu Zhou, economist, Columbia University
- Yusheng Zheng, economist, Wharton School
- Luqiu Luwei, journalist
- Lode Li, management scientist, member of the Institute of Operations Research and the Management Sciences, Yale University
- , professor of Operations Research at Columbia University.
- , professor of management at the R.H Smith School of Business, University of Maryland
- Xueguang Zhou, sociologist, Stanford University
- Dingxin Zhao, sociologist, University of Chicago
- Jing Yang, economist, Bank of Canada
Natural sciences and mathematics
- Zhu Kezhen, meteorologist, educator, PhD from Harvard University
- Shoucheng Zhang, physicist, professor at Stanford University.
- , physicist, professor at Stanford University.
- Fujia Yang, physicist and university administrator, the chancellor of the University of Nottingham.
- , mathematician and member of the French Academy of Sciences.
- , mathematician, professor at Stanford University.
- , mathematician and statistician, professor at Peking University.
- Xiao-Li Meng, mathematician and statistician, chair professor at Harvard University
- Jianqing Fan, statistician, Princeton University
- Zhiliang Ying, co-chair of the Statistics Department at Columbia University
- Xuming He, statistician, University of Michigan
- Tong Dizhou, biologist.
- Rao Yi, neurobiologist, Peking University
- Lu Bai, neurobiologist, Tsinghua University
- Yibin Kang, Warner-Lambert/Parke-Davis Professor of Molecular Biology at Princeton University
- Shi Yang, biologist, Harvard Medical School
- Junying Yuan, biologist, professor at Harvard University.
- Xu Tian, biologist, professor at Yale University.
- Wei Yang, biologist, senior investigator at NIH.
- Zucai Suo, biochemist, professor at The Ohio State University.
- Zhaojun Bai, mathematician and computer scientist at University of California, Davis
Education
- Luo Jialun, President of Tsinghua University and National Central University.
- Wu Nanxuan, President of Tsinghua University, Fudan University, and Yingshi University
- Zhu Kezhen, President of Zhejiang University.
- Cheng Tien-fong, President of Zhejiang University, Anhui University, and Sichuan University.\
- Zing-Yang Kuo, President of Zhejiang University.
- Chen Xujing, President of Jinan University and Lingnan University, Vice President of Nankai University and Sun Yat-sen University.
- Hu Dunfu, President of Utopia University.
- Huang Jilu, President of Sichuan University.
- Cao Huiqun, President of Utopia University.
- Joseph K. Twanmoh, President of Anhui University and Soochow University
- Xu Xinwu, President of Henan University
Medicine
- Chen Zhongwei, expert of orthopedic surgery and microsurgery, one of the pioneers of the process of reattaching severed limbs.
- Shen Ziyin
- Gu Yudong
- Tang Zhaoyou
- Tang Yuhan, oncologist, president of Hong Kong Chinese Medical Association and the founder of Tang Fund
- Chen Haozhu
- Wen Yumei, virologist and microbiologist.
- Zhou Liangfu neurosurgeon
Business
- Zhang Shengman, managing director of World Bank Group
- Zhu Min, Deputy managing director of the International Monetary Fund
- Li Dak-sum, GBM, JP, Hong Kong entrepreneur, philanthropist
- Thomas Tseng-tao Chen, CBE, Hong Kong entrepreneur, Chairman of Hang Lung Group
- Guo Guangchang, chairman of Fosun International Limited and the representative of 12th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
- Lu Zhiqiang, billionaire property developer
- Chen Tianqiao, former China's richest man, founder, and CEO of SNDA Co&
- Cao Guowei, CEO of Sina
- Wang Changtian, Founder and CEO of Enlight Media
- Qi Lu, President of the Online Services Group, Microsoft and former Executive Vice President of Engineering for the Search and Advertising Technology Group at Yahoo!
- Yan Huo, founder of Capula Investment Management
- Liang Jianzhang, founder and CEO of Ctrip
- Xiaohu Zhu, Managing Director at GSR Ventures Management
- Jianhang Jin, President of Alibaba Group
- Fan Jiang, President of Taobao, President & Board Chairman of Tmall
- Jane Zhang, entrepreneur and a Chinese angel investor from Shanghai.
- Ji Shisan, CEO and founder of Guokr
- Guo Guangchang, founder and chairman of Fosun International Limited
Entertainment
- Shang Wenjie, singer
- :zh:蒋昌建|Jiang Changjian, host
- Lao Fanqie, blogger
- Afu Thomas, German internet personality in China
- Amy Lyons, Australian internet personality in China, did a student exchange term at Fudan
Notable professors
- Ma Yinchu, economist
- Yan Fuqing, Chinese public health pioneer
- Lu Simian, historian
- Gu Jiegang, historian
- Su Buqing, mathematician
- Chen Jiangong, mathematician
- Zhou Gucheng, historian and social activist
- Wu Lifu, translator, painter
- Wang Fushan, physicist, Heisenberg's graduate student
- Zhou Tongqing, physicist
- Liang Zongdai
- Tan Jiazhen, geneticist who established the first genetics program in China
- Xie Xide, physicist
- Lu Hefu, physicist
- Gu Yidong, chemist
- Gu Chaohao, mathematician
- Tan Qixiang, historian.
- Qiu Xigui, historian and palaeographer
- Yan Su, Professor of Law
- Zhao Jingshen, popular Chinese novelist
- Xia Daoxing, mathematician
- Wang Weiqi, professor of biomedical engineering
- Lu Gusun, lexicography master
- Ge Chuangui, linguist
- Lin Tongji, linguist
- Dong Wenqiao, famed translator
- Yang Qishen, famed translator
- Chen Sihe, professor of modern Chinese literature
- Wang Anyi, famous Chinese writer
- Chen Shangjun, professor of ancient Chinese literature
- Jin Yaqiu, professor of electrical engineering
- Jin Li, professor of Evolutionary Genetics.
- Feng Donglai, Physicist
- , professor of Neurosurgery
- , professor of Neurosurgery
- , Political Scientist
Partnerships
Fudan University is also a member of Universitas 21, which is an association of leading universities worldwide. Universitas 21 grants members of staff and students from the university many exchange chances and opportunities to research abroad.
To seek more support from its alumni in the US and cement its collaboration with Yale University, Fudan University launched the Fudan University Education Development Foundation in New York in February 2008. It was the first time a Chinese university had launched such an initiative in the US.
In 1995, Fudan established the Nordic Centre in Shanghai, a joint platform for research and education with 14 universities from Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. By 2012, the Nordic Centre Fudan has 27 member institutions in 5 Nordic countries.
In 1996, Fudan School of Management started a joint Master of Management program with BI Norwegian Business School. The program, inaugurated by then Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland, is the longest continually operating international business school partnership in China.
In 2002, a joint venture was created between the Olin Business School and the School of Management at Fudan University. At the time, it was one of the first U.S.-Sino joint MBA programs in China. Eight years later, according to The Financial Times' 2010 rankings, the Washington University-Fudan University EMBA Program was ranked as one of the top 20 international executive MBA programs worldwide. Also, for the fifth consecutive year, it was hailed as the best program in mainland China.
In 2011, Fudan became part of the Tyndall Centre network, a research network centered on climate science and climate policy research. Fudan Tyndall Centre is funded with a 15-year commitment by the Chinese central government and the Shanghai City government. The UK launch of the Fudan Tyndall Centre alliance took place in Norwich in May 2011 when Professor Academician Yuliang Yang was awarded an Honorary Degree by the University of East Anglia
In Germany, the Fudan University cooperates with the Goethe-University in Frankfurt/Main. Both cities are linked by a long-lasting partnership agreement. The university also established partnerships with the Freie Universität Berlin, the University of Cologne, the University of Tübingen and the University of Konstanz.