General German Trade Union Federation


The General German Trade Union Federation was a confederation of German trade unions in Germany founded during the Weimar Republic. It was founded in 1919 and was initially powerful enough to organize a general strike in 1920 against a right-wing coup d'état. After the 1929 Wall Street crash, the ensuing global financial crisis caused widespread unemployment. The ADGB suffered a dramatic loss of membership, both from unemployment and political squabbles. By the time the Nazis seized control of the government, the ADGB's leadership had distanced itself from the Social Democratic Party of Germany and was openly cooperating with Nazis in an attempt to keep the organization alive. Nonetheless, on May 2, 1933, the SA and SS stormed the offices of the ADGB and its member trade unions, seized their assets and arrested their leaders, crushing the organization.

History

The ADGB was founded on July 5, 1919 in Nuremberg after the first postwar congress of free trade unions. The ADGB was founded as the new umbrella organization to succeed the General Commission of German Trade Unions. Carl Legien was elected as the first chairman.
It was an amalgamation of 52 German trade unions and was affiliated with the General Federation of Free Employees and the General German Civil Service Federation. The adjective "Allgemeiner" was added to the name because in March 1919, the Christian and liberal trade unions had already founded umbrella organizations called the Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund.
An influential mass organization under Legien's leadership, it organized a general strike in 1920 to counter the right-wing Kapp Putsch. Roughly 12 million workers took part, halting all production, transportation, mining and public services and, as The New York Times wrote, "giving the Kapp régime its death blow".
The free trade unions were not politically neutral; rather, they saw themselves as the economic arm of the socialist labor movement. Next to the free trade unions, were the Christian trade unions and the liberal unions. Neither were ever able to reach the membership numbers of the free trade unions. In 1920, the unions of the ADGB had over 8 million members, but the international financial crisis at the end of the decade caused high unemployment, leading to a substantial drop in the membership of member unions. By the end of 1932, there were an estimated 3.5 million members.
Despite the split in the SPD during World War I, the free trade unions continued to remain close to the SPD, the largest working class political party. Together, the SPD and the ADGB fought for the introduction unemployment benefits and a legally mandated eight-hour workday, which was gutted by regulations established in 1923. At the end of 1931, they united with the Reichsbanner and workers' sport clubs to form the Iron Front against the growing threat of the Nazi Party.
At first, ADGB unions were open to members of other working class political parties including the Communist Party of Germany. This changed in 1929, when the KPD, under pressure from the Soviet Union, began to run competing candidates at factory works council elections. The Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition, was founded in December 1929 as a communist opposition labor organization, hoping to draw left-wing unionists away from the ADGB., which led to the expulsion of many communists from the ADGB. By March 1932, the RGO had about 200,000 members.
After the Nazis seized power in March 1933, the trade union leadership tried to save their organizations by pandering to the Nazi Party and in April 1933, offered "to put themselves in service to the new state". At the same time, ADGB chairman Theodor Leipart, began to distance himself from the SPD and declared the ADGB to be politically neutral. This policy resulted in the call by the national board to partake in "National Labor Day", the Nazi version of International Workers' Day,, a left-wing celebration of labor, and led to a break with the International Federation of Trade Unions. Even as the Nazis were planning to storm union offices, ADGB leaders met with leaders of the Christian and liberal labor organization for talks about a merger in the hopes of forestalling a prohibition of organized labor.
These efforts failed to prevent the free trade unions from a nationwide surprise attack the day after May Day, just two months later. On May 2, 1933, all ADGB member union were stormed, their offices occupied and assets seized by the SA, SS and the National Socialist Factory Cell Organization. Officials were put in "protective custody" and many trade unionists were maltreated. In Duisburg, four trade union officials were brutally murdered.

Non-profit entities

The ADGB operated several non-profit companies. In 1924, a workers' bank was founded, the Bank der Deutschen Arbeit. On July 29, 1928, the cornerstone was laid for the Bundesschule des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes in Bernau bei Berlin, Brandenburg. The school operated for only three years, until the Nazis gained power, after which the Nazis used part of the school to train the SS.

ADGB school after the war

After World War II, the school was used by occupying Russian military forces and from 1946 by the Free German Trade Union Federation, an East German organisation. Its existence was forgotten and the 12-acre site was not open to the public. Only after the fall of the Berlin Wall, was it rediscovered. The East Germans had made significant renovations to the building to the extent that it was not recognized by architects looking for it after 1989.
The original complex was designed by the newly appointed director of the Bauhaus School, Hannes Meyer and his colleague Hans Wittwer. The design followed its architects'. The complex needed to house facilities to train and educate 120 people. The result was a Z-Shaped series of buildings that housed class-rooms, library, gymnasium and dining hall along with the insertion of a glass-blocked ceiling. Despite the extremely functional approach, materials were used in an expressive way including concrete, glass blocks and steel encasement windows.
The complex was restored to its former glory following a Europe-wide competition for the contract. The Berlin Chamber of Crafts paid a portion of the costs and has used it as a training school since 2007. In 2008 the restoration project won the architects, Brenne Gesellschaft von Architekten, the World Monuments Fund / Knoll Modernism Prize.. In July 2017 the former ADGB Trade Union School was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site the Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau.

Affiliates

The following unions held membership of the federation:
UnionAbbreviationAffiliatedLeftReason for leavingMembership Membership
Central Union of Asphalters and Roof Felters of Germany19191924Merged into DBB2,093N/A
Central Union of Bakers and Confectioners19191927Merged into VNG65,077N/A
Central Union of Butchers19191927Merged into VNG24,473N/A
Central Union of Carpenters and Kindred Trades of Germany19191933Banned87,024107,354
Central Union of Chimney Sweeps19191933Banned3,3802,980
Central Union of EmployeesZdA19191921Transferred to AfA-Bund363,521N/A
Central Union of Glassworkers19191926Merged into VFD62,245N/A
Central Union of Glaziers and Related Professionals19191922Merged into DBB4,185N/A
Central Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Cafe EmployeesZVHRC19201933BannedN/A27,153
Central Union of Machinists and StokersVMH19191933Banned100,28748,568
Central Union of Potters19191922Merged into DBB11,391N/A
Central Union of Roofers19191931Merged into DBB10,97010,843
Central Union of Ship Builders of Germany19191924Merged into DMV4,966N/A
Central Union of Shoemakers of GermanyZVdSch19191933Banned90,00878,834
Central Union of Stone Workers of Germany19191933Banned45,47668,033
Factory Workers Union of GermanyVFD19191933Banned646,931457,657
Film Union19191930Merged into GV9,9231,300
General Union of Public Sector and Transport WorkersGV19301933BannedN/AN/A
General Milking Union of Germany19191933Banned10,00011,456
German Agricultural Workers' UnionDLV19191933Banned624,935151,273
German Clothing Workers' UnionDBAV19191933Banned133,47077,884
German Construction Workers' UnionDBV19191922Merged into DBB465,744N/A
German Furriers' Union19191923Merged into DBAV9,977N/A
German Hat Workers' UnionDHAV19191933Banned23,13218,509
German Leather Workers' Union19191933Banned35,33937,855
German Metal Workers' UnionDMV19191933Banned1,632,670884,027
German Musicians' UnionDeMuV19191933Banned47,19923,055
German Painters' Union19191933Banned54,27858,775
German Polishers' Union19191922Transferred to AfA-Bund10,210N/A
German Railway UnionDEV19191925Merged into EdED503,125N/A
German Textile Workers' UnionDTAV19191933Banned535,369306,137
German Tobacco Workers' Union19191933Banned110,96475,501
German Transport Workers' UnionDTV19191929Merged into GV585,942368,052
German Union of Building TradesDBB19231933BannedN/A435,156
German Union of Saddlers, Upholsterers and Portfolio MakersSTP19201933Banned38,15330,614
German Wood Workers' UnionDHV19191933Banned378,957306,660
German Xylographers' Union19191921Merged into VDLSN/AN/A
International Artists' LodgeIAL19201921Transferred to AfA-Bund7,531N/A
Music Engravers' Assistants' Union19191920Merged into VDLSN/AN/A
Union of Bookbinders and Paper Workers of GermanyVBPD19191933Banned81,55755,128
Union of Brewery and Mill Workers19191927Merged into VNG73,286N/A
Union of Cooks19201920Merged into ZVHRC6,200N/A
Union of Coopers, Cellar Managers, and Helpers in Germany19191927Merged into VNG12,955N/A
Union of Coppersmiths of Germany19191933Banned6,8777,024
Union of Upholsterers of Germany19191920Merged into STPN/AN/A
Union of Domestic Workers of Germany19191923Merged into DTV20,014N/A
Union of Food and Drink WorkersVNG19271933BannedN/A159,636
Union of Gardeners and Nursery Workers19191929Merged into GV23,14310,518
Union of German Book PrintersVDDB19191933Banned74,00082,767
Union of German Professional Firefighters19211929Merged into GVN/A7,740
Union of German Restaurant Workers19191920Merged into ZVHRC63,243N/A
Union of Graphic Assistants of GermanyVGHA19191933Banned39,50540,691
Union of Hairdressers and Assistants19191931Merged into GV10,0494,057
Union of Hotel, Restaurant and Cafe Employees19191920Merged into ZVHRC18,000N/A
Union of Lithographers and Lithographic PrintersVDLS19191933Banned19,11023,719
Union of Miners of Germany19191933Banned467,339196,049
Union of Municipal and State WorkersVGS19191929Merged into GV297,950243,968
Union of Porcelain and Related Workers of Germany19191926Merged into VFD55,547N/A
Union of Saddlers and Portfolio Makers19191920Merged into STPN/AN/A
Union of Stone Setters, Pavers and Kindred Trades19191924Merged into Stone Workers11,194N/A
United Union of German Railway WorkersEdED19251933BannedN/A240,913

Footnotes