The geography of Papua New Guinea describes the eastern half of the island of New Guinea, the islands of New Ireland, New Britain and Bougainville, and smaller nearby islands. Together these make up the nation of Papua New Guinea in tropicalOceania, located in the western edge of the Pacific Ocean. Papua New Guinea is largely mountainous, and much of it is covered with tropical rainforest. The New Guinea Highlands runs the length of New Guinea, and the highest areas receive snowfall—a rarity in the tropics. Within Papua New Guinea Mount Wilhelm is the highest peak, at. There are several major rivers, notably the Sepik River, which is long, which winds through lowland swamp plains to the north coast, and the Fly River at in length, which flows through one of the largest swamplands in the world to the south coast. The Highlands consist of a number of smaller ranges running west to east, such as the Finisterre Range which dominates the Huon Peninsula to north of the city ofLae. At it is the world's 3rd largest island country. Papua New Guinea has one land border—that which divides the island of New Guinea. Across the 820 km border is the Papua province of Indonesia, which contains most of the western half of the island. Papua New Guinea's border with Indonesia is not straight; the border loops slightly to the west along the Fly River in the south-central part of New Guinea, on the western edge of Papua New Guinea's Western Province. There are maritime borders with Australia to the south and Solomon Islands to the southeast.
Physical geography
Papua New Guinea has a total area of, of which is land and is water. This makes it the 3rd largest island country in the world. Its coastline is 5 152 km long. The northernmost point is Mussau Island, southernmost point is Hemenahei Island, easternmost point is Olava, Bougainville and the westernmost point is either Bovakaka along the Fly River border with Indonesia or Mabudawan. Papua New Guinea has several volcanoes, as it is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Volcanic eruptions are not rare, and the area is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis because of this. The volcanic disturbance can often cause severe earthquakes, which in turn can also cause tsunamis. Papua New Guinea is also prone to landslides, often caused by deforestation in major forests. The mountainous regions of Papua New Guinea are the areas most susceptible to landslides causing damage. Offshore islands include the small, forested Admiralty Islands, the largest of which is Manus, to the north of the main island of New Guinea. These have a distinct plant and animal life from the main island but the natural forest has been cleared in places for logging and agriculture.
Rivers of PNG
Sepik
Fly
Purari
Climate
; northwest monsoon, southeast monsoon ; slight seasonal temperature variation. In lower altitudes, the temperature is around 80 °F year round. But higher altitudes are a constant 70 °F, and the highest altitudes, especially of Mount Wilhelm and Mount Giluwe, can see snow.
Human geography
Maritime claims: These are measured from claimed archipelagic baselines.
The rainforest is subject to deforestation as a result of growing commercial demand for tropical timber; forest clearance, especially in coastal areas, for plantations; pollution from mining projects. If the trend continues, more than half the forest that existed when Papua New Guinea became independent from Australia in 1975 will be gone by 2021.
