The geomungo or hyeongeum is a traditional Korean stringed musical instrument of the zither family of instruments with both bridges and frets. Scholars believe that the name refers to Goguryeo and translates to "Goguryeo zither" or that it refers to the colour and translates to "black crane zither". The geomungo's place in Korean culture is traditionally that of a scholars instrument for self-cultivation, much like ancient Chinese had done with the guqin in China.
History
The instrument originated circa the 4th century through the 7th century from the kingdom of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, although the instrument can be traced back to the 4th century. According to the Samguk Sagi, written in 1145, the geomungo was invented by prime ministerWang San-ak by using the form of the ancient Chinese instrumentguqin. After his death, the instrument was passed down to Ok Bogo, Son Myeong-deuk, Gwi Geum, An Jang, Cheong Jang, and Geuk Jong, while being widely spread over the kingdom. Archetype of the instrument is painted in Goguryeo tombs. They are found in the tomb of Muyongchong and Anak Tomb No.3.
Construction
The geomungo is approximately 162 cm long and 23 cm wide, and has movable bridges called Anjok and 16 convex frets. It has a hollow body where the front plate of the instrument is made of paulownia wood and the back plate is made of hard chestnut wood. Its six strings, which are made of twisted silk passed through its back plate. The pick is made from bamboo sticks in the size of regular household pencil. Three strings are directly over the frets which can be stopped whilst the other three are open strings. Modernized geomungo increases the strings to 11, which are made of nylon. As with the traditional version, three strings are over the frets and the others are all open. But the traditional version of the geomungo has 6 strings, with three over the frets. Recently, the 6-string Geomungo has been improved quite a lot, with the appearance of electronic geomungo. Geomungo playing with Hwaldae bow , or the type of geomungo having more strings, collected; attracted the attention of young artists. In the development of culture, besides the conservation artists, inheriting the cultural tradition of the nation, there are artists who change and modernize the traditional culture of the nation.
Playing method
The geomungo is generally played while seated on the floor. The strings are plucked with a short bamboo stick called suldae, which is held between the index and middle fingers of the righthand, while the left-hand presses on the strings by either pulling or pushing to produce various pitches. The most typical tuning of the open strings for the traditional Korean music is D#/Eb, G#/Ab, C, A#/Bb, A#/Bb, and A#/Bb an octave lower than the central tone. The instrument is played in traditional Korean court music and the folk styles of sanjo and sinawi. Due to its characteristically percussive sound and vigorous playing technique it is thought of as a more "masculine" instrument than the 12-string or 24 string gayageum ; both instruments, however, are played by both male and female performers. The geomungo has a large range of playable songs and also has a large range of tunes. The Korean-born, U.S. resident geomungo performer and composerJin Hi Kim plays a custom-made electric geomungo in addition to the regular instrument.
