The Gilt Bronzes from Cartoceto di Pergola are the only surviving Romangilt bronze equestrian group. The monumental ensemble was composed of at least two knights, of which only one remains, atop their horses, and two women standing. The statues are thought most likely to date between 50 and 30 BC and depict members of a prestigious local family. They were found not far from the intersection of the Via Flaminia and the Via Salaria Gallica in central Italy, in an isolated location, far from urban centres. Because of its extraordinary archaeological importance, the group has been at the centre of a long controversy between the Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici delle Marche and the municipality of Pergola over the location where the bronzes would be preserved. The group was on display at the National Archeological Museum of the Marche, in Ancona, until 1972, when it was moved to the Museo dei Bronzi dorati della città di Pergola, built specifically for this purpose. A compromise solution now moves the original bronzes and replicas between the two sites.
Description
;Horsemen ;Women ;Horses
Techniques and materials
The statues were made by using the lost-wax casting method and are composed primarily of a copper alloy with traces of lead; After assembly, the statues were gilded with gold leaf. A replica intended to reproduce the bronzes' original state is displayed on the roof of the Palazzo Ferretti in celebration of local archaeology.
Discovery and restoration
In June and July 1946, hundreds of giltbronze fragments, weighing hundreds of kilograms, were accidentally discovered in Santa Lucia di Calamello, in Cartoceto di Pergola, central Italy. Canon Giovanni Vernarecci, who was at the time the archaeological inspector for the district of Fossombrone, detailed the circumstances of his fortuitous discovery in a typewritten account. The bronzes were recovered by Vernarecci and Nereo Alfieri, who was the Marche regional inspector of the governmental antiquity department. 318 fragments were placed together in an attempt to recreate the original statues, and the group was restored in several spurts between 1949 and 1988.
Original placement of the group
The fragments were uncovered not far from the intersection of the Via Flaminia and the Via Salaria Gallica, which is an isolated location, far from urban centres. This unusual collocation has led archaeologists to conjecture that the group was likely removed from its original position and set aside sometime in late antiquity or in Byzantine times — some suggesting that this may have been the result of a damnatio memoriae. The bronzes' original placement in an urban context is still uncertain. The most accepted hypothesis suggests that the group may have originally rested on a base in some public area. Notable candidates are the Forum Sempronii, which was closest, Sentinum, where the existence a foundry for large statues has been attested, or Suasa, because other large fragments of a similar gilt bronze horse were found there.
Identification
The group is composed of two horsemen, two women, and two horses. The characters represented likely belonged to a single family of senatorial rank, but certain identification of the subjects has eluded archaeologists. Some have proposed that the group may depict the imperial family of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which would date the statues to 20-30 AD; the horsemen are thought to be Nero Caesar and Drusus III, sons of Germanicus, while the women would be Livia Drusilla and Agrippina the Elder. More likely, however, the statues date between 50 and 30 BC and depict members of a prestigious legate's family from the territory in which they were discovered, the Ager Gallicus. Several candidate families have been proposed, including that of Domitius Ahenobarbus, as well as those of Marcus Satrius and Lucius Minucius Basilus. A further hypothesis proposes that the group may have originally been placed in the Heraion of Samos Island, and that the subjects are the family of Marcus Tullius Cicero, who would be one of the horsemen.
