"Give me liberty, or give me death!" is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Second Virginia Convention on March 23, 1775, at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. Henry is credited with having swung the balance in convincing the convention to pass a resolution delivering Virginian troops for the Revolutionary War. Among the delegates to the convention were future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and George Washington.
Publication
The speech was not published until The Port Folio printed a version of it in 1816. The version of the speech that is known today first appeared in print in Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry, a biography of Henry by William Wirt in 1817. There is debate among historians as to whether and to what extent Henry or Wirt should be credited with authorship of the speech and its famous closing words.
Reception
According to Edmund Randolph, the convention sat in silence for several minutes afterward. Thomas Marshall told his son John Marshall, who later became Chief Justice of the United States, that the speech was "one of the boldest, vehement, and animated pieces of eloquence that had ever been delivered." Edward Carrington, who was listening outside a window of the church, requested that he be buried on that spot. In 1810, he got his wish. The drafter of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, George Mason, said, "Every word he says not only engages but commands the attention, and your passions are no longer your own when he addresses them." More immediately,, declaring the United Colonies to be independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, passed, and Henry was named chairman of the committee assigned to build a militia. Britain's royal governor, Lord Dunmore, reacted by seizing the gunpowder in the public magazine at Williamsburg—Virginia's equivalent of the battles of Lexington and Concord. Whatever the exact words of Henry were, "scholars, understandably, are troubled by the way Wirt brought into print Henry's classic Liberty or Death speech," wrote historian Bernard Mayo. "Yet... its expressions... seemed to have burned themselves into men's memories. Certainly, its spirit is that of the fiery orator who in 1775 so powerfully influenced Virginians and events leading to American independence."
Precursors
There had been similar phrases used preceding Henry's speech. The 1713 play, Cato, a Tragedy, was popular in the Colonies and well known by the Founding Fathers, who would quote from the play. George Washington had this play performed for the Continental Army at Valley Forge. It contains the line, "It is not now time to talk of aught/But chains or conquest, liberty or death". The phrase "Liberty or Death" also appears on the Culpeper Minutemen flag of 1775. In the opera Artemisia there is an aria called "Dammi morte o libertà" but the context is different, since in this aria with "Freedom" isn't meant political freedom: Oronta is asking Amor to either free her from love's bonds or to kill her, since, love's pains are too hard for her to suffer. This is explained in the first stanza. In Handel's oratorio Judas Maccabeus, the hero sings 'Resolve, my sons, on liberty or death'.
"Liberty or death" in other contexts
Phrases equivalent to liberty or death have appeared in a variety of other places: The national anthem of Uruguay, "Orientales, la Patria o la Tumba", contains the line "¡Libertad o con gloria morir!". The national anthem of Chile, "Canción Nacional", contains the line "Que o la tumba serás de los libres / O el asilo contra la opresión". The Declaration of Arbroath made in the context of Scottish independence in 1320 as a letter to the Pope contained the line "It is in truth not for glory, nor riches, nor honours that we are fighting, but for freedom – for that alone, which no honest man gives up but with life itself". The Declaration is commonly cited as an inspiration for the United States Declaration of Independence by many, including the US Senate and it is possible that Henry knew of the Declaration when he wrote his speech. The motto of Greece is "Liberty or Death". It arose during the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s, where it was a war cry for the Greeks who rebelled against Ottoman rule. A popular story in Brazil relates that in 1822, the emperor Pedro I of Brazil| uttered the famous Pedro I of Brazil#Independence or Death|"Cry from Ipiranga", "Independence or Death", when Brazil was still a colony of Portugal. During the Russian Civil War, the flag used by Makhno's anarchist Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine had the dual slogans "Liberty or Death" and "The Land to the Peasants, the Factories to the Workers". In March 1941 the motto of the public demonstrations in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia against signing the treaty with Nazi Germany was "Better grave than slave". During the Indonesian National Revolution the Pemuda used the phrase "Merdeka atau Mati" which means "Freedom or Death". Malcom X in his 1964 The Ballot or the Bullet speech in Cleveland Ohio said "It'll be ballots, or it'll be bullets. It'll be liberty, or it will be death. The only difference about this kind of death -- it'll be reciprocal." In 2012, in China, Ren Jianyu, a 25-year-old former college student "village official" was given a two-year re-education through labor sentence for an online anti-CPC speech. A T-shirt of Ren's saying "Give me liberty or give me death!" has been taken as evidence of his anti-social guilt.
