In music, a glissando is a from one pitch to another. It is an Italianized musical term derived from the French glisser, "to glide". In some contexts, it is distinguished from the portamento. Some colloquial equivalents are slide, sweep, bend, smear, rip, lip, plop, or falling hail.
Glissando vs. portamento
Prescriptive attempts to distinguish the glissando from the portamento by limiting the former to the filling in of discrete intermediate pitches on instruments like the piano, harp, and fretted stringed instruments have run up against established usage of instruments like the trombone and timpani. The latter could thus be thought of as capable of either "glissando" or "portamento", depending on whether the drum was rolled or not. The clarinet gesture that opens Rhapsody in Blue could likewise be thought of either way: it was originally planned as a glissando but is in practice played as a portamento though described as a glissando.
Notation
The glissando is indicated by following the initial note with a line, sometimes wavy, in the desired direction, often accompanied by the abbreviation gliss.. Occasionally, the desired notes are notated in the standard method accompanied by the word 'glissando'.
Discrete glissando
On some instruments, discrete tones are clearly audible when sliding. For example, on a keyboard, a player's fingertips can be made to slide across the white keys or over the black keys, producing either a C major scale or an F major pentatonic ; or, by performing both at once, it is possible to produce a full chromatic scale. Pianists can also complete a glissando of two pitches an octave apart. Maurice Ravel used glissandi in many of his piano compositions, and "Alborada del Gracioso" contains notable piano glissando passages in thirds executed by the right hand. Rachmaninoff, Prokofiev, Liszt and Gershwin have all used glissandi for piano in notable compositions. Organ players—particularly in contemporary music—sometimes employ an effect known as the palm glissando, where over the course of the glissando the flat of the hand is used to depress a wide area of keys simultaneously, resulting in a dramatic atonal sweep. A similar device on the piano are cluster-glissandos, used extensively by Karlheinz Stockhausen in Klavierstück X, and which "more than anything else, lend the work its unique aural flavour". On a harp, the player can slide their finger across the strings, quickly playing the scale. Wind, brass, and fretted-stringed-instrument players can perform an extremely rapid chromatic scale. Arpeggio effects are also obtained by bowed strings and brass, especially the horn.
Continuous glissando or portamento
s with :Category:Continuous pitch instruments|continuously variable pitch can effect a portamento over a substantial range. These include unfretted stringed instruments, stringed instruments with a way of stretching the strings, a fretted guitar or lap steel guitar when accompanied with the use of a slide, wind instruments without valves or stops, timpani, electronic instruments, the water organ, and the human voice. Other wind instruments can effect a similar limited slide by altering the lip pressure or a combination of embouchure and rolling the head joint, while others such as the clarinet can achieve this by slowly dragging fingers off tone holes or changing the oral cavity's resonance by manipulating tongue position, embouchure, and throat shaping. Many electric guitars are fitted with a tremolo arm which can produce either a portamento, a vibrato, or a combination of both.
Bent note
A bent note is a musical note that is varied in pitch. With unfretted strings or other continuous-pitch instruments such as the trombone, or with the human voice, such variation is more properly described in terms of intonation. Bent notes are commonly played on fretted instruments, literally by bending the string with excess finger pressure, or on free reed instruments such as the harmonica, by using excess air pressure to overblow the reed. On brass instruments such as the trumpet, the note is bent by using the lip. "Indeterminately pitched instruments ...produce a pitch or pitch spectrum that becomes higher with an increase of dynamic and lower with a decrease of dynamic." The bent note is commonly found in various forms of jazz, blues, and rock.
