Gormflaith was notable for been the successive queen consort of Munster, Leinster and Tara. Gormflaith was married first to King Cormac mac Cuilennáin of Munster, who had taken vows of celibacy as a bishop. The marriage was not said to be consummated. MacShamhran writes that "difficulties relating to this marriage leave it probable that it is a fiction – created when memory of Gormlaith became assimilated to the "sovereignty goddess" who had three husbands". However, recent work has criticised attempts to see influence from supernatural beliefs in the portrayals of Gormflaith.
Queen of Leinster
Cormac was killed at the battle of Bealach Mugna in 908 by an alliance of Flann Sinna of Tara and Cerball mac Muirecáin, King of Leinster. Flann afterwards married Gormflaith to Cerball, who is alleged to have abused her so much that she was forced to return to her father at least once.
Political intrigue
MacShamhran writes "... the case for accepting as historical her marriage to Cerball is strengthened by a dindshenchas poem in the Book of Leinster, which also presents a different view of their relationship, implying that she was involved in intrigue on his behalf. She is blamed for the deaths of Cellach Carmain, who was an Ui Muirdaig dynast, and his wife Aillenn – apparently rivals of her husband. This circumstance, along with the fact that Cerball had the support of Flann Sinna at Belach Mugna, fits well with a Clan Cholmain-Ui Faelain alliance in the years prior to that battle." Ó Cróinín, citing the poem Cell Chorbbáin, writes: "It states quite categorically that Gormlaith was responsible for the death of Cellach of Carmun and his wife Aillend – 'she laid them in the church ground' and by these actions 'she wrought terrible deeds'. This is clearly referring to a double-murder, and equally clearly, it is implicit that Gormlaith – and, by extension, her husband Cerball? – were involved together in a conspiracy to remove the reigning king of Leinster and presumably replace him with Cerball." Ó Cróinín goes on to compare the data in the poem with that of Cóic ríg tríchat to show that "there is something wrong with the Ui Dunlainge succession at precisely this point.... It looks very much as though the struggle for succession... saw several of the Ui Muiredaig line eliminated in the first half of the ninth century, and their names were simply expunged from the record:"
The Annals of Clonmacnoise have her becoming poverty-stricken after the death of Niall, reduced to wandering from place to place as a poet to survive. This literary tradition, which appears over a century after her death, may be based upon a misreading of her obit in the Annals of Ulster, which instead indicates she died in a convent.
Poems
A number of poems of later date are ascribed to Gormflaith in Middle Irish sources, including laments for Cerball and Niall, but not for Cormac. L.M. McCraith, noting that “the charm of Gaelic verse depends for the most part on an elaborate system of repetition and alliteration, which no other language can reproduce,” gives this translation of the poem “Gormlaith, the daughter of Flann, speaks to the Priest”: “Monk, remove thy foot! Lift it from the grave of Nial. Too long dost thou heap earth On him with whom I fain would lie. Too long dost thou, Monk, there Heap earth on Noble Nial, Thou brown-haired friend, though gentle, Press not with thy sole the earth! Do not too firmly close the grave O Priest, whose office is so sad. Rise off the fair, the dark-knee’d Nial, Monk! Remove thy foot! O Mac Nial of finest gold ‘Tis not my will that thou are bound , Leave – Ah! leave his stone and grave. Monk! Remove thy foot! I am Gormley, regent queen. Daughter I of Flann the Bold! Stand not thou upon the grave. Monk! Remove thy foot!”
Family tree
Gormlaith ingen Flann mac Conaing = Flann Sinna = | | __________________________________| |_________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Gormflaith, d. 948. Donnchad Donn Cerball Máel Ruanaid Óengus Áed Conchobar Donnell Lígach Muirgel =Niall Glúndub | | | | | Muirchertach mac Néill Donnall, King of Tara | | | | Domnall ua NeillMáel Sechnaill mac Domnaill | | | | O'Neill dynasty Ua Mael Sechlainn
