Guhila dynasty




The Guhila dynasty ruled the Medapata region in present-day Rajasthan state of India. The Guhila kings initially ruled as Gurjara-Pratihara vassals between 8th and 10th centuries. Their capitals included Nagahrada and Aghata. For this reason, they are also known as the Nagda-Ahar branch of the Guhilas.
The Guhilas assumed sovereignty after the decline of the Gurjara-Pratiharas in the 11th century. During the 11th-13th centuries, they were involved in military conflicts with several of their neighbours, including the Paramaras, the Chahamanas, the Delhi Sultanate, the Chaulukyas, and the Vaghelas.
In the mid-12th century, the dynasty divided into two branches. The senior branch ruled from Chitrakuta, and ended with Ratnasimha's defeat against the Delhi Sultanate at the 1303 Siege of Chittorgarh. The junior branch ruled from Sesoda with the title Rana, and gave rise to the Sisodia Rajput dynasty.

Origin

The history of the Guhilas has been obscured by bardic legends. In the 7th century, three different Guhila dynasties are known to have ruled in present-day Rajasthan: the Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar, the Guhilas of Kishkindha, and the Guhilas of Dhavagarta. None of these dynasties claimed any prestigious origin in their 7th century records. The Guhilas of Dhavagarta explicitly mentioned the Mori kings as their overlords, and the early kings of the other two dynasties also bore the titles indicating their subordinate status.
By the 10th century, the Guhilas of Nagda-Ahar were the only among the three dynasties to have survived. By this time, their political status had increased, and the Guhila kings had assumed high royal titles such as Maharajadhiraja. During this period, the dynasty started claiming a prestigious origin, stating that its founder Guhadatta was a mahideva who had migrated from Anandapura. The 977 CE Atpur inscription of Shaktikumara lists 20 Guhila kings in an unbroken line of succession, starting with Guhadatta and ending with Shaktikumara.
By the 13th century, having consolidated their rule over the Medapata region, the Guhilas came up with a new origin myth. Their post-13th century records and the subsequent bardic legends name the dynasty's founder as Bappa Rawal, who is not mentioned in the Atpur inscription. These accounts state that Bappa Rawal consolidated his rule with the blessings of the Pashupata sage Haritarashi. Different historians identify Bappa Rawal with different kings mentioned in the Atpur inscription, including Kalabhoja, Shiladitya, and Khummana. R. C. Majumdar theorizes that Bappa achieved a highly significant military success, because of which he gained reputation as the dynasty's founder.
According to 1274 CE Chittor inscription and 1285 CE Achaleshwar inscription of Vedasharma, Bappa Rawal "changed his priestly splendour for regal lustre". Based on this, scholars such as D. R. Bhandarkar theorized that the Guhilas were originally Brahmins. G. H. Ojha, however, believed that the statement in Vedasharma's inscription is a misinterpretation of the earlier Atpur inscription. The Atpur inscription describes Guhadatta as a "Mahideva", which according to historian R. V. Somani, can be translated as either "king" or "Brahmin".
The 1274 CE Chittor inscription compares the Guhila ruler Bharttripatta with Rama, describing both of them as "Brahma-Kshatras". Based on the identification of Rama with Parashurama, scholars such as D. C. Sircar theorized that the progenitor of the dynasty had a Brahmin parent and a Kshatriya parent. However, Somani dismisses this theory, arguing that Rama here refers to Ramachandra, from whose solar dynasty the later Guhilas claimed descent.
The later bardic chronicles mention a fabricated genealogy, claiming that the dynasty's founder Guhaditya was a son of Shiladitya, the Maitraka ruler of Vallabhi. This claim is not supported by historical evidence.

History

places Guhadatta in 5th century CE, assuming a 20-year reign for each generation. R. V Somani places him somewhere before the first quarter of the 6th century.
According to the 977 CE Atpur inscription and the 1083 CE Kadmal inscription, Guhadatta was succeeded by Bhoja, who commissioned the construction of a tank at Eklingji. The 1285 CE Achaleshwar inscription describes him as a devotee of Vishnu. Bhoja was succeeded by Mahendra and Nagaditya. The bardic legends state that Nagaditya was killed in a battle with the Bhils.
Nagaditya's successor Shiladitya raised the political status of the family significantly, as suggested by his 646 CE Samoli inscription, as well as the inscriptions of his successors, including the 1274 CE Chittor inscription and the 1285 CE Abu inscription. R. V. Somani theorizes that the copper and zinc mines at Jawar were excavated during his reign, which greatly increased the economic prosperity of the kingdom. The 16th century Buddhist writer Taranatha mentions a reputed artist named Shringadhara, who was patronized by the king Shila of Maru country. Somani identifies this king as the Guhila king Shiladitya, although some other historians have identified him as Harshavardhana or the Maitraka king Shiladitya.
Shiladitya was succeeded by Aparajita, who is attested by the 661 CE Kunda inscription. This epigraph records the construction of a Vishnu temple by Yashomati, the wife of Aparajita's commander Varaha. According to the bardic chronicles, Aparajita was also killed in a battle with the Bhils. His son Mahendra succeeded him.
Mahendra was succeeded by Kalabhoja, who has been identified as Bappa Rawal by several historians including G. H. Ojha.
The Guhilas originally acknowledged the suzerainty of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. In 10th century, Bhartripatta became an independent ruler, and assumed the title Maharajadhiraja, as attested by a 943 CE inscription. His successor Allata killed one Devapala, who according to Majumdar, might have been the Gurjara-Pratihara king Devapala.

Guhilas of Aghata

Towards the end of the 10th century, Aghata became the second capital of the Guhilas.
In the later half of the 10th century, the Paramara king Munja defeated the elephant forces of the Guhilas, and plundered their capital Aghata. The defeated Guhila ruler took shelter with Dhavala, the Rashtrakuta ruler of Hastikundi. As a result of this victory, the Paramaras gained control of the eastern part of Mewar, including Chittorgarh.
Shaktikumara's son Ambaprasada was defeated and killed by the Chahamana king Vakpati II. Among his successors, Vijayasimha was a son-in-law of the Paramara king Udayaditya and a father-in-law of the Kalachuri king Gayakarna.

Rawal branch

According to the 15th century text Eklinga-Mahatmaya, the family split into two branches during the reign of Ranasimha alias Karna: the Rawal branch of Chittor, and the Rana branch of Sesoda. The later Sisodia Rajput dynasty of Sesoda thus descended from the Guhilas of Mewar.
Kshemasimha succeeded his father Ranasimha alias Karna. By 1151, Chittor was under the control of the Chaulukya king Kumarapala. Kshemasimha's son Samantasimha appears to have achieved military success against Kumarapala's successor Ajayapala. However, he was defeated by Ajayapala's feudatory Prahladana, the Paramara chief of Abu. The 1231 CE Abu prashasti inscription states that Prahladana defended the Gurjara king after Samantasimha had broken the king's power on the battlefield.
Shortly later, the Naddula Chahamana king Kirtipala, who was also a Chaulukya feudatory, ousted Samantasimha from Mewar. Kirtipala probably launched this invasion during 1171-1179 CE, with the approval of his Chaulukya overlord. By 1182, Samantasimha's younger brother Kumarasimha regained the control of his ancestral kingdom by appeasing the Chaulukya king. This Chaulukya king was probably Ajayapala or his successor Mularaja II.
Kumarasimha was succeeded by Mathanasimha, Padmasimha and Jaitrasimha.

Jaitrasimha

During the reign of Jaitrasimha, the Guhilas achieved a high political status. Although the later Ekalinga Mahatmya mentions his title as Rajakula, his own inscriptions call him a Maharajadhiraja.
The Achaleshvara inscription suggests that Jaitrasimha destroyed Naddula and defeated the Turushkas. According to historian R. B. Singh, this suggests that the Turkic Ghurid invaders had captured Naddula from the Chahamanas, and Jaitrasimha defeated their local governor. Later, the Jalor Chahamana king Udayasimha, gained control of Naddula. However, D. C. Ganguly believes that Jaitrasimha may have plundered Naddula after Udayasimha's conquest of Jalore.
Early in his reign, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Iltutmish invaded Mewar, and destroyed Nagahrada. Jaitrasimha suffered heavy losses, but the invaders retreated when the Vaghela chief Viradhavala marched northwards to check their advance.
Jaitrasimha seems to have invaded the Chaulukya territory. During an attempt to capture Kottadaka, his general Bala was killed by Tribhuvana-Ranaka.
According to one record, Ksehma's son Madana fought with the Panchalagudika Jaitramalla at Utthunaka, on behalf of Jesala. Based on identification of Jesala with Jaitrasimha, historian D. C. Ganguly believes that Jaitrasimha's general Madana fought with Jaitramalla, who was probably a chief of the Vagada branch of the Guhilas.
The Guhila records also credit Jaitrasimha with military success against the king of Shakambhari. The Chahamana dynasty of Shakambhari had already ended by this time, therefore, this may be a reference to his victory over their descendants, the Chahamanas of Ranthambore. Jaitrasimha is also said to have defeated the Sindhuka army, whose identity is uncertain.

Decline

Jaitrasimha's son Tejasimha ascended the throne sometime before 1260. The earliest Guhila inscription discovered at Chittor is from Tejasimha's reign, and refers to "Chitrakuta-maha-durga".
Tejasimha's son Samarasimha succeeded him sometime during 1267-1273. He defeated Krishnaraja, a ruler of the Paramara branch of Abu. He lost control of Abu soon, when Krishnaraja's son Pratapasimha, supported by the Vaghela king Sarangadeva, conquered it during 1285-1287. Sometime before 1285, Samarasimha helped Sarangadeva repulse a Turushka invasion of Gujarat. His Chirwa inscription states that he "like unto the primaeval boar in a moment lifted the deeply sunk Gurjara land out of the Turushka sea". Towards the end of the 13th century, when Alauddin Khalji's army invaded Gujarat, Samarasimha saved his kingdom by paying a tribute.
The Rawal branch ended when Ratnasimha was defeated by Alauddin Khalji. The Rana branch survived in form of the Sisodia dynasty.

Genealogy

Different sources offer different lists of the Guhila kings. The earliest extant inscription that provides a genealogy of the dynasty is the 971 CE inscription of Naravahana. However, it is badly damaged, and only three names can be read: Guhila, Bappa and Naravahana.
The following inscriptions are the major sources of the dynasty's genealogy:
The following table lists the early kings of the dynasty, as given in the various inscriptions.
#Name AtpurinscriptionChittorinscriptionAbuinscriptionSadadiinscriptionKumbhal-garhinscriptionDate of own inscriptionsNotes
1✓✓✓✓Called Bappaka in Abu inscription
2Guhila✓✓✓✓✓Called Guhadatta in Atpur inscription
3Bhoja✓✓✓✓✓
4Mahendra ✓✓
5Nāga✓✓
6Śila✓✓✓✓?646 CE The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Bappa instead
7Aparājita✓✓661 CE
8Mahendra ✓✓
9Kālabhoja✓✓✓✓✓
10Khommāṇa ✓✓Called Shummāṇa in Kumbhalgarh inscription
11Mattaṭa✓✓✓Called Manttaṭa in Chittor inscription
12Bhartṛipaṭṭa ✓✓✓✓✓Called Bhartṛibhaṭa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one
13Siṃha✓✓✓✓Called Athasiṃha Chittor inscription
14Khommāṇa ✓Son of Siṃha
15Mahāyaka✓✓✓✓Called Mahāyika in Abu inscription, Son of Khommāṇa
16Khommāṇa ✓✓✓✓Called Khumāṇa in all inscriptions except the Atpur one, Son of Mahāyaka
17Bhartṛipaṭṭa ✓942 CE, 943 CE Son of Khommāṇa, Married Mahālakṣmī of Rashtrakuta family
18Allaṭa✓✓✓✓✓951 CE, 953 CE Son of Bhartṛipaṭṭa, Married Huna princess Hariyādevī
19Naravāhana✓✓✓✓✓971 CE Son of Allaṭa, Married a daughter of Jejaya of Chahamana family
20Śalivāhana✓✓Son of Naravāhana
21Śaktikumāra✓✓✓✓✓977 CE Son of Śalivāhana
22Āmraprasāda✓✓Called Ambāprasāda in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Śaktikumāra
23Śuchivarman✓✓✓?The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Anantavarman instead
24Naravarman✓✓✓Son of Śaktikumāra
25Kīrtivarman✓✓?The Kumbhalgarh inscription lists Yaśovarman instead
26Yogarāja✓✓According to Kumbhalgarh inscription, his descendants did not rule
27Vairaṭa✓✓✓
28Vaṃśapāla✓✓Called Haṃsapāla in Kumbhalgarh inscription
29Vairisiṃha✓✓✓Son of Vaṃśapāla
30Vijayasiṃha✓1164 VS, 1173 VSSon of Vairaṭa. Married Śyāmaladevī ; His daughter Alhaṇadevi married the Kalachuri king Gayakarna. The Kumbhalgarh inscription mentions an unnamed narendra, who is identified with him.
31Vairisiṃha ✓✓Son of Vijayasiṃha. Called Virasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription
32Arisiṃha✓✓
33Choḍa✓✓✓Called Choḍasiṃha in Sadadi inscription
34Vikramasiṃha✓✓✓Son of Choḍa or Elder brother of Choḍa
35Raṇasiṃha✓✓1223 VSSon of Vikramasiṃha. Called Karṇasiṃha in Ekalinga Purana

Post-split Rawal branch

After Raṇasiṃha, the dynasty split into the Rawal branch and the Rana branch. The following is a list of the rulers of the Rawal branch. Except Ratnasiṃha, all these rulers are mentioned in Abu, Sadadi, and Kumbhalgarh inscriptions. Ratnasiṃha is mentioned only in the Kumbhalgarh inscription.
#Name Date of own inscriptionsNotes
36Kṣemasiṃha1228 VS, 1236 VS, 1256 VS, 1258 VSSon of Raṇasiṃha; his elder brother Mahanasiṃha apparently died before their father Raṇasiṃha
37SāmantasiṃhaSon of Kṣemasiṃha
38KumārasiṃhaYounger brother of Sāmantasiṃha
39MathanasiṃhaCalled Mahanasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription, Son of Kumārasiṃha
40Padmasiṃha
41Jaitrasiṃha1270 VS, 1279 VS, 1284 VSCalled Raula Jayasiṃha in Kumbhalgarh inscription. Son of Padmasiṃha. His younger son Sīlhaḍa seems to have ruled Vāgaḍa.
42Tejasiṃha1317 VS, 1322 VS, 1324 VSSon of Jaitrasiṃha. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as Rāula. Married Jayatalladevī
43Samarasiṃha1330 VS, 1331 VS, 1335 VS, 1342 VS, 1344 VS, 1345 VS, 1356 VS, 1358 VSSon of Tejasiṃha. Assumed the title Mahārajākula. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as Rāula.
44Ratnasiṃha1359 VSSon of Samarasiṃha. Assumed the title Mahārajākula in Dariba inscription. The Kumbhalgarh inscription gives his title as Rāula.

The 1439 Sadadi inscription of Kumbhakarna lists the following five rulers as Samarasiṃha's successors: Bhuvanasiṃha, Jayasiṃha, Lakṣmasiṃha, Ajayasiṃha, and Arisiṃha. These names are followed by that of Hammīra and other his Sisodia successors. These names are also mentioned in the text Ekalinga Māhātmya. However, these rulers actually belonged to the Rana branch of the family.
The 1460 Kumbhalgarh inscription of Kumbhakarna states that after Ratnasiṃha departed from the battlefield, Lakshmasiṃha of the Rana branch died fighting to defend the fort.

Rana branch

Rahapa, a son of Ranasimha alias Karna, established the Rana branch. According to the 1652 Eklingji inscription, Rahapa's successors were:
For Sisodia successors of Hammir Singh, see.