The playing techniques of the guqin, sometimes called fingerings, are more numerous than those of any other Chinese or Western musical instrument. They are also complex and full of symbolism.
Basic sounds
The music of the qin can be categorised as three distinctively different "sounds." The first is san yin 〔音〕, which means "scattered sounds." This is produced by plucking the required string to sound an open note. The second is fan yin 〔音〕, or "floating sounds." These are harmonics, in which the player lightly touches the string with one or more fingers of the left hand at a position indicated by the hui dots, pluck and lift, creating a crisp and clear sound. The third is an yin 〔音 / 音 / 音 / 音〕, or "stopped sounds." This forms the bulk of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it connects with the surface board, then pluck. Afterwards, the musician's hand often slides up and down, thereby modifying the pitch. This technique resembles that of playing a slide guitar across the player's lap, but the technique of the qin is very varied and utilises the whole hand, whilst a slide guitar only has around 3 or 4 main techniques. According to the book Cunjian Guqin Zhifa Puzi Jilan, there are around 1,070 different finger techniques used for the qin, with or without names. It therefore uses the most finger techniques of any instrument in Chinese, or even Western, music. Most are obsolete, but around 50 or so are sufficient to know in modern practice.
Nails
When plucking the strings, fake nails are not required to be attached to the fingers. One will often leave their fingernails long, and cut them into an elliptical shape. The length is subjective and will depend on the player's preference, but it is usually around 3 – 4 mm from the finger tip. If it is too short, then the finger tip will deaden the sound as it touches the string after the nail has plucked it. If it is too long then the fingers can be cumbersome and can impede performance. Generally, the nails of the right hand are kept long, whilst the nails of the left are cut short, so as to be able to press on the strings without hindrance. For people who have brittle fingernails, the Yugu Zhai Qinpu has some methods of strengthening them. Unlike other plucked instruments, like guzheng and pipa, plectrums and fake-nails should be avoided. For the guzheng and pipa where one must attack the strings with force, thus, susceptible to fingernail breakage, the qin requires gentle force to play. Furthermore, fake-nails tend to hinder the fingers or create an unsatisfactory tone. Additionally, because one can feel the qin strings better, it is best to pluck with natural fingernails.
Technique
The above four figures are from an old handbook.
Right hand
There are eight basic right hand finger techniques: pi 〈〉, tuo 〈〉, mo 〈〉, tiao 〈〉, gou 〈〉, ti 〈〉, da 〈〉, and zhai 〈〉 ; the little finger is not used. Out of these basic eight, their combinations create many. Cuo 〈〉 is to pluck two strings at the same time, lun 〈/轮〉 is to pluck a string with the ring, middle and index finger out in quick succession, the suo 〈/锁〉 technique involves plucking a string several times in a fixed rhythm, bo 〈/拔〉 cups the fingers and attacks two strings at the same time, and gun fu 〈〉 is to create glissandi by running up and down the strings continuously with the index and middle fingers. These are just a few.
Left hand techniques start from the simple pressing down on the string, sliding up or down to the next note, to vibrati by swaying the hand, plucking the string with the thumb whilst the ring finger stops the string at the lower position, hammering on a string using the thumb, to more difficult techniques such as pressing on several strings at the same time.
Both hands
Techniques executed by both hands in tandem are more difficult to achieve, like qia cuo san sheng 〈掐撮三聲/掐撮三声〉, to more stylised forms, like pressing of all seven strings with the left, then strumming all the strings with the right, then the left hand quickly moves up the qin, creating a rolling sound like a bucket of water being thrown in a deep pool of water.
Other issues
In order to master the qin, there are in excess of 50 different techniques that must be mastered. Even the most commonly used are difficult to get right without proper instruction from a teacher. Also, certain techniques vary from teacher to teacher and school to school. There are also a lot of obsolete fingerings and notation that are rarely used in modern tablature. There are now new books that have begun to be published about these fingerings and notation as qin culture and study gains momentum.
