HBB protein is produced by the gene HBB which is located in the multigene locus of β-globin locus on chromosome 11, specifically on the short arm position 15.4. Expression of beta globin and the neighbouring globins in the β-globin locus is controlled by single locus control region, the most important regulatory element in the locus located upstream of the globin genes. The normal allelic variant is 1600 base pairs long and contains three exons. The order of the genes in the beta-globin cluster is 5' - epsilon – gamma-G – gamma-A – delta – beta - 3'.
Interactions
HBB interacts with Hemoglobin, alpha 1 to form haemoglobin A, the major haemoglobin in adult humans. The interaction is two-fold. First, one HBB and one HBA1 combine, non-covalently, to form a dimer. Secondly, two dimers combine to form the four-chain tetramer, and this becomes the functional haemolglobin.
is an inherited genetic mutation in one or both of the Beta globin alleles on chromosome 11. The mutant alleles are subdivided into two groups: β0, in which no functional β-globin is made, and β+, in which a small amount of normal β-globin protein is produced. Beta thalassemia minor occurs when an individual inherits one normal Beta allele and one abnormal Beta allele. Beta thalassemia minor results in a mild microcytic anemia that is often asymptomatic or may cause fatigue and or pale skin. Beta thalassemia major occurs when a person inherits two abnormal alleles. This can be either two β+ alleles, two β0 alleles, or one of each. Beta thalassemia major is a severe medical condition. A severe anemia is seen starting at 6 months of age. Without medical treatment death often occurs before age 12. Beta thalassemia major can be treated by lifelong blood transfusions or bone marrow transplantation. According to a recent study, the stop gain mutationGln40stop in HBB gene is a common cause of autosomal recessiveBeta- thalassemia in Sardinian people. Carriers of this mutation show an enhanced red blood cell count. As a curiosity, the same mutation was also associated to a decrease in serum LDL levels in carriers, so the authors suggest that is due to the need of cholesterol to regenerate cell membranes.
More than a thousandnaturally occurringHBB variants have been discovered. The most common is HbS, which causes sickle cell disease. HbS is produced by a point mutation in HBB in which the codon GAG is replaced by GTG. This results in the replacement of hydrophilic amino acidglutamic acid with the hydrophobic amino acid valine at the sixth position. This substitution creates a hydrophobic spot on the outside of the protein that sticks to the hydrophobic region of an adjacent haemoglobin molecule's beta chain. This further causes clumping of HbS molecules into rigid fibers, causing "sickling" of the entire red blood cells in the homozygous condition. The homozygous allele has become one of the deadliest genetic factors, whereas people heterozygous for the mutant allele are resistant to malaria and develop minimal effects of the anaemia.
Haemoglobin C
Sickle cell disease is closely related to another mutant haemoglobin called haemoglobin C, because they can be inherited together. HbC mutation is at the same position in HbS, but glutamic acid is replaced by lysine. The mutation is particularly prevalent in West African populations. HbC provides near full protection against Plasmodium falciparum in homozygous individuals and intermediate protection in heterozygous individuals. This indicates that HbC has stronger influence than HbS, and is predicted to replace HbS in malaria-endemic regions.
Haemoglobin E
Another point mutation in HBB, in which glutamic acid is replaced with lysine at position 26, leads to the formation of haemoglobin E. HbE has a very unstable α- and β-globin association. Even though the unstable protein itself has mild effect, inherited with HbS and thalassemia traits, it turns into a life-threatening form of β-thalassemia. The mutation is of relatively recent origin suggesting that it resulted from selective pressure against severe falciparum malaria, as heterozygous allele prevents the development of malaria.
Human evolution
Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is a major selective factor in human evolution. It has influenced mutations in HBB in various degrees resulting in the existence of numerous HBB variants. Some of these mutations are not directly lethal and instead confer resistance to malaria, particularly in Africa where malaria is epidemic. People of African descent have evolved to have higher rates of the mutant HBB because the heterozygous individuals have a misshaped red blood cell that prevent attacks from malarial parasites. Thus, HBB mutants are the sources of positive selection in these regions and are important for their long-term survival. Such selection markers are important for tracing human ancestry and diversification from Africa.
