HLA-DP is an αβ-heterodimer cell-surface receptor. Each DP subunit is composed of a α-helical N-terminal domain, an IgG-like β-sheet, a membrane spanning domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. The α-helical domain forms the sides of the peptide binding groove. The β-sheet regions form the base of the binding groove and the bulk of the molecule as well as the inter-subunit binding region.
Function
The name 'HLA-DP' originally describes a transplantation antigen of MHC class II category of the major histocompatibility complex of humans, however this antigen is an artifact of the era of organ transplantation. HLA DP functions as a cell surface receptor for foreign or self antigens. The immune system surveys antigens for foreign pathogens when presented by MHC receptors. The MHC Class II antigens are found on antigen presenting cells. Normally, these APC 'present' class II receptor/antigens to a great many T-cells, each with unique T-cell receptor variants. A few TCR variants that recognize these DQ/antigen complexes are on CD4 positive T-cells. These T-cells, called T-helper cells, can promote the amplification of B-cells that recognize a different portion of the same antigen. Alternatively, macrophages and other cytotoxic lymphocytes consume or destroy cells by apoptotic signaling and present self-antigens. Self antigens, in the right context, form a regulatory T-cell population that protects self tissues from immune attack or autoimmunity.
Genetics
The α-chain and β- of DP is encoded by the HLA-DPA1 locus and HLA-DPB1 loci, respectively. This cluster is located at the proximal end of the HLA superlocus in human chromosome 6p21.31. It is distal from HLA-DR and HLA-DQ encoding loci and therefore is much more equilibrated with respect to other HLA loci. In the Super B8 complex DP locus is more frequently substituted, either as a result of its distance from other loci, or because it was not as actively selected in the evolution of Super B8.
Understanding the Heterodimeric DP Isoforms
Each combination of DPA1 allele gene product with each combination of DPB1 'gene' product can potentially recombine to produce one isoform. DP genes are highly variable in the human population. In a typical population there are many DP alpha and beta. Most isoforms are not common. These 'cis'-isoforms will account for at least 50% of the DP isoforms. The other, trans isoforms are typically more rare, isoforms result from random 'trans' combinations of haplotypes in individuals as a result of 'trans' paternal/maternal gene product isoforms.
Alleles
HLA-DPA1 Alleles HLA-DPB1 Alleles
HLA-DPB1 Allele Nomenclature Change
Before the April 2010 HLA nomenclature update, new HLA-DPB1 allele names were assigned within the existing nomenclature system. For example, the allele discovered after HLA-DPB1*9901 was assigned as DPB1*0102, the subsequent allele was named DPB1*0202, then *0302 and so on. This name assignment was decided because of the complex genetic characteristics of DPB1 alleles compared to alleles of other HLA loci. The majority of the HLA-DPB1 alleles cannot be simply grouped together by their nucleotide sequences. This name assignment has been the most confusing system within the HLA nomenclature. In the 2010 HLA nomenclature update, all DPB1 alleles, except DPB1*0202 and *0402, discovered after DPB1*9901 were reassigned with new numbers. For example, DPB1*0102 becomes DPB1*100:01 and DPB1*0203 becomes DPB1*101:01. All renamed alleles are listed in the HLA-DPB1 Nomenclature Conversion Chart below.
Previous Names
Current Names
DPB1*0102
DPB1*100:01
DPB1*0203
DPB1*101:01
DPB1*0302
DPB1*102:01
DPB1*0403
DPB1*103:01
DPB1*0502
DPB1*104:01
DPB1*0602
DPB1*105:01
DPB1*0802
DPB1*106:01
DPB1*0902
DPB1*107:01
DPB1*1002
DPB1*108:01
DPB1*1102
DPB1*109:01
DPB1*1302
DPB1*110:01
DPB1*1402
DPB1*111:01
DPB1*1502
DPB1*112:01
DPB1*1602
DPB1*113:01
DPB1*1702
DPB1*114:01
DPB1*1802
DPB1*115:01
DPB1*1902
DPB1*116:01
DPB1*2002
DPB1*117:01
DPB1*2102
DPB1*118:01
DPB1*2202
DPB1*119:01
DPB1*2302N
DPB1*120:01N
DPB1*2402
DPB1*121:01
DPB1*2502
DPB1*122:01
DPB1*2602
DPB1*123:01
DPB1*2702
DPB1*124:01
DPB1*2802
DPB1*125:01
To aid in migration of data to the new nomenclature the WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System has provided the . This tool allows you to enter an HLA allele name and will provide you with both the current and new versions of the allele name. New alleles that have never been assigned with a name prior to the April 2010 update are:
