Haplogroup D (mtDNA)


In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.
It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago.
In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central and Northeast Asia.
Haplogroup D is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X.

Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6.
D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas.
Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas.
D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations, is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b.
D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland, is a branch of D4b1c.
D4 : The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese, Okinawans, Koreans, and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak, Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner, and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner. D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, and the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic. Spread also all over China, Southeast Asia, Siberia, Central Asia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas. It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave.
D5'6 is mainly found East Asia and Southeast Asia,
especially in Japan.
It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, Northeast and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times, under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.