Haplogroup I-M253


Haplogroup I-M253, also known as I1, is a Y chromosome haplogroup. The genetic markers confirmed as identifying I-M253 are the SNPs M253,M307.2/P203.2, M450/S109, P30, P40, L64, L75, L80, L81, L118, L121/S62, L123, L124/S64, L125/S65, L157.1, L186, and L187. It is a primary branch of Haplogroup I-M170.
The haplogroup reaches its peak frequencies in Sweden and western Finland. In terms of national averages, I-M253 is found in 35–38 per cent of Swedish males, 32.8% of Danish males, about 31.5% of Norwegian males, and about 28% of Finnish males.
Haplogroup I-M253 is a primary branch of haplogroup I*, which has been present in Europe since ancient times. The other primary branch of I* is I-M438, also known as I2.
All known living members descend from a common ancestor 6 times younger than the common ancestor with I2.
Before a reclassification in 2008, the group was known as I1a, a name that has since been reassigned to a primary branch, haplogroup I-DF29. The other primary branches of I1 are I1b and I1c.

Origins

According to a study published in 2010, I-M253 originated between 3,170 and 5,000 years ago, in Chalcolithic Europe. A new study in 2015 estimated the origin as between 3,470 and 5,070 years ago or between 3,180 and 3,760 years ago, using two different techniques.
In 2007, it was suggested that it initially dispersed from the area that is now Denmark.
However, Prof. Dr. Kenneth Nordtvedt, Montana State University, regarding the MRCA, in 2009 wrote in a personal message: "We don't know where that man existed, but the greater lower Elbe basin seems like the heartland of I1".
Latest results published by suggest I1 was formed 27.500 ybp with TMRCA 4.600 ybp.
A 2014 study in Hungary uncovered remains of two individuals from the Linear Pottery culture, one of whom was found to have carried the M253 SNP which defines Haplogroup I1. This culture is thought to have been present between 7,500 and 6,500 years ago.

Structure

I-M253 or I1
I-M253 is found at its highest density in Northern Europe and other countries that experienced extensive migration from Northern Europe, either in the Migration Period, the Viking Age, or modern times. It is found in all places invaded by the Norse.
During the modern era, significant I-M253 populations have also taken root in immigrant nations and former European colonies such as the United States, Australia and Canada.
PopulationSample sizeI I1 I1a1a Source
Albanians 5521.82%=3.6%=0.0Battaglia et al. 2008
Albanians 6417.2%=4.7%=0.0Battaglia et al. 2008
Albanians
Albanians 		55+64=11919.33%=4.2%=0.0Battaglia et al. 2008
Kosovo Albanians 1147.96%=5.31%=0.0Pericic et al. 2005
Albanians
Albanians
Kosovo Albanians 		55+64+114=23313.73%=4.72%=0.0Pericic et al. 2005
Battaglia et al. 2008
Austria439.32.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Belarus: Vitbsk100151.00.0Underhill et al. 2007
Belarus: Brest9720.61.00.0Underhill et al. 2007
Bosnia100422.00.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Bulgaria80826.64.30.0Karachanak et al. 2013
Czech Republic4731.98.50.0Underhill et al. 2007
Czech Republic5317.01.90.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Denmark12239.3% 32.8% 0.0Underhill et al. 2007
England10419.215.40.0Underhill et al. 2007
Estonia21018.614.80.5Rootsi et al. 2004
Estonia11811.9Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland 28.0Lappalainen et al. 2006
Finland: West23040% Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland: East30619% Lappalainen et al. 2008
Finland: Satakunta region50+Lappalainen et al. 20089
France5817.28.61.7Underhill et al. 2007
France1216.716.70.0Cann et al. 2002
France 4221.411.90.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Germany1252415.20.0Underhill et al. 2007
Greece17115.82.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Hungary11325.713.30.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Ireland100116.00.0Underhill et al. 2007
Kazan Tatars5313.211.30.0Trofimova 2015
Latvia1133.5Lappalainen et al. 2008
Lithuania1644.9Lappalainen et al. 2008
Netherlands9320.4140.0Underhill et al. 2007
Norway282631.5% Eupedia 2017
Russia 162512.50.0Cann et al. 2002
Russia: Pskov13016.95.40.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Kostroma5326.411.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Smolensk10312.61.90.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Voronez9619.83.10.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Arkhangelsk14515.87.60.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Cossacks8924.74.50.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Karelians140108.60.0Underhill et al. 2007
Russia: Karelians13215.2Lappalainen et al. 2008
Russia: Vepsa395.12.60.0Underhill et al. 2007
Slovakia7014.34.30.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Slovenia9526.37.40.0Underhill et al. 2007
Sweden 16035.6% Lappalainen et al. 2008
Sweden 38.0Lappalainen et al. 2009
Sweden: Västra Götaland52Lappalainen et al. 2009
Switzerland1447.65.60.0Rootsi et al. 2004
Turkey5235.41.10.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Lviv10123.84.90.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Ivanovo-Frankiv5621.41.80.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Hmelnitz17626.26.10.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Cherkasy11428.14.30.0Underhill et al. 2007
Ukraine: Bilhorod5626.85.30.0Underhill et al. 2007

File:Weal.png|thumb|Map showing the distribution of Y chromosomes in a trans section of England and Wales from the paper "". The authors attribute the differences in frequencies of haplogroup I to Anglo-Saxon mass migration into England, but not into Wales.
In 2002 a paper was published by Michael E. Weale and colleagues showing genetic evidence for population differences between the English and Welsh populations, including a markedly higher level of Y-DNA haplogroup I in England than in Wales. They saw this as convincing evidence of Anglo-Saxon mass invasion of eastern Great Britain from northern Germany and Denmark during the Migration Period. The authors assumed that populations with large proportions of haplogroup I originated from northern Germany or southern Scandinavia, particularly Denmark, and that their ancestors had migrated across the North Sea with Anglo-Saxon migrations and Danish Vikings. The main claim by the researchers was
that an Anglo-Saxon immigration event affecting 50–100% of the Central English male gene pool at that time is required. We note, however, that our data do not allow us to distinguish an event that simply added to the indigenous Central English male gene pool from one where indigenous males were displaced elsewhere or one where indigenous males were reduced in number … This study shows that the Welsh border was more of a genetic barrier to Anglo-Saxon Y chromosome gene flow than the North Sea … These results indicate that a political boundary can be more important than a geophysical one in population genetic structuring.

In 2003 a paper was published by Christian Capelli and colleagues which supported, but modified, the conclusions of Weale and colleagues. This paper, which sampled Great Britain and Ireland on a grid, found a smaller difference between Welsh and English samples, with a gradual decrease in Haplogroup I frequency moving westwards in southern Great Britain. The results suggested to the authors that Norwegian Vikings invaders had heavily influenced the northern area of the British Isles, but that both English and mainland Scottish samples all have German/Danish influence.

Prominent members of I-M253

, through genealogy and the testing of his descendants, has been placed within Y-DNA haplogroup I-M253.
Birger Jarl, 'Duke of Sweden' of the East Geatish House of Bjälbo, founder of Stockholm; his remains were exhumed and tested in 2002 and found to be also I-M253.
Sting was revealed to belong to haplogroup I1 by the PBS TV series Finding Your Roots.
William Bradford of the Mayflower, proven through the Mayflower DNA Project
William Brewster of the Mayflower, proven through the Mayflower DNA Project

Markers

The following are the technical specifications for known I-M253 haplogroup SNP and STR mutations.
Name: M253
Name: M307
Name: P30
Name: P40