Harwich Dockyard


Harwich Dockyard was a Royal Navy Dockyard at Harwich in Essex, active in the 17th and early 18th century. Owing to its position on the East Coast of England, the yard was of strategic importance during the Anglo-Dutch Wars; however, due to a lack of deep-water access and the difficulty of setting off from Harwich against an easterly wind, its usefulness was somewhat limited and its facilities remained small-scale compared to the other Royal Dockyards over the same period. Nonetheless, it remained actively involved in repairing and refitting the nation's warships, as well as building them: of the eighty ships built for the Royal Navy in Britain between 1660 and 1688, fourteen were built at Harwich Dockyard..
After the Royal Navy withdrew from the yard in 1713, shipbuilding continued on the site under private ownership; over the course of the next century, through to the end of the Napoleonic Wars, just under forty more warships were built there.
The present-day name for the site of the former Dockyard is 'Harwich Navyard'; for the past 50 years it has been run as a commercial port, however in 2018 plans were announced for it to be transformed into space for more than 300 homes.

History

During the Hundred Years' War, Harwich was an important assembly point for the Navy; in June 1340 King Edward III set sail for France from the mouth of the Orwell with a fleet of 200 ships, engaging the French fleet off the coast of Flanders in the Battle of Sluys. In 1405 a fort was built on the promontory at the north-easternmost part of the town. Over the following century the fort fell into disrepair, but during the Commonwealth period, the government took out a 99-year lease on the parcel of land on which the fort had stood in order to establish a naval dockyard there. The yard was praised by General Monck for its efficiency in fitting out the fleet.
Following the Restoration, in 1660, the yard was run down and leased out to private ownership. In 1664, however, the yard was taken back under Crown control: a new resident Commissioner was appointed and Samuel Pepys, as Clerk of the Acts of the Navy, engaged his protégé Anthony Deane as Master Shipwright. The years of the Second Dutch War would prove to be the most prestigious for Harwich Dockyard. Not only was it kept busy repairing and refitting naval vessels on their way to and from the front line, but under Deane's skilled oversight it also began to be active in shipbuilding. Despite its relatively small size as a Royal Dockyard, Harwich developed a particular speciality for itself in constructing small and medium-sized fighting ships. In 1668, however, after peace had been restored, the dockyard was again run down: its officers were reassigned.
During the Third Dutch War, the Dockyard was again put to work, but by this time its front-line role had been eclipsed by the Navy's new East-Coast dockyard at Sheerness. Nevertheless, between 1673 and 1675 Anthony Deane built three more warships at Harwich Dockyard, this time as a private contractor; one of these, HMS Harwich, was considered by Pepys to be one of the finest vessels in the Navy. Again, once peace had been re-established, the yard was wound down; by 1676 its storehouses had been given over to the Royal Fishery Company. The following year, however, a new Master Shipwright was appointed and shipbuilding began again.
In 1676, Silas Taylor wrote a description of the dockyard: it had wharves, built on reclaimed land, with strong cranes. There was a 'Great Gate' over which were placed the Royal Arms, "carved and in colours", and above which were the dials of an "excellent" pendulum clock, which struck the hours on a bell in a turret. Within the yard he noted that there were several storehouses, "launches" for building and launching ships, and offices for the officers of the yard.
Harwich ceased to operate as a Royal Dockyard in 1713, but was leased to a succession of private operators under whom naval and commercial shipbuilding continued. The last Royal Navy vessel to be built at Harwich was HMS Scarborough in 1812; the last commercial vessels were ten steamers, built between 1825 and 1827. The Navy maintained a small storage and refitting base on site until 1829.
One unusual structure surviving from the dockyard is a very rare treadwheel crane of 1667, which was in use until the early twentieth century before being re-sited on Harwich Green in the 1930s. The dockyard bell, dating from 1666, is preserved on the original site, which still operates as a commercial port.

Other Naval facilities at Harwich

During the First World War a flotilla, the Harwich Force, was based at the port.
During the Second World War parts of Harwich were again requisitioned for naval use, and ships were based at HMS Badger, a shore establishment on the site of what is now Harwich International Port. Badger was decommissioned in 1946, but the Royal Naval Auxiliary Service maintained a headquarters on its site until 1992.

Administration of the dockyard and other key officials

The Master Shipwright was the key official at the royal navy dockyards until the introduction of resident commissioners by the Navy Board after which he became deputy to the resident commissioner.

Resident Commissioner of the Navy, Harwich Dockyard

  1. 1652-1660, Major Nehemiah Bourne
  2. 1664-1668, Captain John Taylor

    Master shipwright, Harwich Dockyard

Post holders included:
  1. 1653-1659, Robert Grassingham
  2. 1664-1668, Anthony Deane
  3. 1677-1680, Isaac Betts
  4. 1694-1695, Robert Shortis
  5. 1695-1698, Thomas Podd
  6. 1702 Jan-Nov, Benjamin Rosewell
  7. 1702-1705, John Lock
  8. 1705 Mar-Nov, Jacob Ackworth
  9. 1705-1706, Fisher Harding
  10. 1706-1709, John Poulter
  11. 1709-1711, John Naish
  12. 1711-1717, Paul Stigant

    Clerk of the Cheque, Harwich Dockyard

Post holders included:
  1. , John Gregory
  2. , John Brown
  3. , Simon Sandford
  4. , J. Fearne

    Storekeeper, Harwich Dockyard

Post holders included:
  1. 1664- 1678, Silas Taylor
  2. , Mr Brown
  3. , Joseph Fownes
  4. , J. Fearne

    Clerk of the Cheque and Storekeeper, Harwich Dockyard

Post holders included:
  1. 1702-?1713, Capt. Edmund Allen
  2. 1711, Daniel Wiseman
  3. 1715-1722, Charles Aleyn
  4. 1722-1728, James Banks
  5. 1728 Mar-Sep, Thomas Colby
  6. 1728-1756, George Bagnold
  7. 1756-1765, George Purvis
  8. 1765-1766, Charles Howard
  9. 1804-1827, John Hopkins

    Ships built at the dockyard

The first ship to be built at the dockyard following the Restoration was the eponymous HMS Harwich, a 5-gun hoy launched in 1660. Between 1660 and 1827 some 56 men-of-war were built there, including the following.
DateShipNotesRef
1666HMS Rupertthird rate, 66 guns.
1667HMS Resolutionthird rate, 70 guns.
1673HMS Swiftsurethird rate, 70 guns.
1674HMS Harwichthird rate, 70 guns.
1675HMS Sapphirefifth rate, 32 guns.
1678HMS Restorationthird rate, 70 guns.
1679HMS Bredathird rate, 70 guns.
1679HMS Sandwichsecond rate, 90 guns.
1680HMS Albemarlesecond rate, 90 guns.
1694HMS Ipswichthird rate, 70 guns
1696HMS Yarmouththird rate, 74 guns.
1743HMS Harwichfourth rate, 50 guns.
1744HMS Colchesterfourth rate, 50 guns.
1745HMS Eaglefourth rate, 58 guns.
1746HMS Lichfieldfourth rate, 50 guns.
1747HMS Severnfourth rate, 50 guns.
1748HMS Seahorsesixth rate, 24 guns.
1757HMS Achillesfourth rate, 60 guns.
1758HMS Conquerorthird rate, 68 guns.
1758HMS Alarmfifth rate, 32 guns.
1761HMS Arrogantthird rate, 74 guns.
1762HMS Terriblethird rate, 74 guns.
1764HMS Robustthird rate, 74 guns.
1773HMS Orpheusfifth rate, 32 guns.
1774HMS Centurionfourth rate, 50 guns.
1775HMS Sultanthird rate, 74 guns.
1777HMS Proserpinesixth rate, 28 guns.
1780HMS Inflexiblethird rate, 64 guns.
1782HMS Irresistiblethird rate, 74 guns.
1785HMS Castorfifth rate, 32 guns.
1786HMS Hannibalthird rate, 74 guns.
1787HMS Excellentthird rate, 74 guns.
1794HMS Alcmenefifth rate, 32 guns.
1797HMS Ethalionfifth rate, 38 guns.
1797HMS Busybrig-sloop, 18 guns.
1801HMS Conquerorthird rate, 74 guns.
1810HMS Vengeurthird rate, 74 guns.
1812HMS Scarboroughthird rate, 74 guns.