Heckler & Koch USP
The USP is a semi-automatic pistol developed in Germany by Heckler & Koch GmbH of Oberndorf am Neckar as a replacement for the P7 series of handguns.
History
Design work on a new family of pistols commenced in September 1989 focused primarily on the United States commercial and law enforcement markets. USP prototypes participated in rigorous testing alongside H&K's entry in the Offensive Handgun Weapon System program requested by the U.S. Special Operations Command and which would later result in the Mk 23 Mod 0. The USP prototypes were then refined in 1992, based on input from the OHWS trials, and the design was finalized in December of the same year. The USP was formally introduced in January 1993 with the USP40 model chambered for the increasingly popular.40 S&W cartridge, followed soon by the USP9, and in May 1995—the USP45.In contrast to the ambitious and innovative P7, P9S, and VP70Z designs, the USP uses a more conventional Browning-style cam-locked action, similar to that used in the Hi-Power, but with a polymer frame.
Design details
The USP is a semi-automatic pistol with a mechanically locked breech using the short recoil method of operation. This rather conventional lock-up system has a large rectangular lug over the barrel’s chamber that rides into and engages the ejection port cut-out in the slide. When a cartridge is fired, pressures generated by the ignited powder drive the cartridge casing back against the breech face on the slide, driving back both the barrel and slide as they remain locked together in the manner described above. After of unrestricted rearward travel, the projectile has left the barrel and gas pressures have dropped to a safe level. A shaped lug on the underside of the barrel chamber comes into contact with a hooked locking block at the end of the steel recoil spring guide rod, lowering the rear end of the barrel and stopping the barrel's rearward movement. The recoil spring assembly is held in place by the slide stop lever’s axis pin and a round cut-out at the front of the slide. For enhanced reliability in high-dust environments, the locking surface on the front top of the barrel’s locking lug is tapered with a forward slope. This tapered surface produces a camming action which assists in positive lock-up in the presence of heavy fouling and debris.One of the most significant features of the USP is the mechanical recoil reduction system. This system is incorporated into the recoil spring assembly, located below the barrel and consists of a heavy, captive coil spring around the guide rod. Designed primarily to buffer the slide and barrel and reduce recoil effects on the pistol components, the system also lowers the recoil forces felt by the shooter up to 30%. The USP recoil reduction system is insensitive to ammunition types and does not require adjustment or maintenance. It functions effectively in all USP models. Using this same recoil reduction system, one of the related H&K Mk 23.45 ACP pistols fired more than 30,000 high pressure +P cartridges and 6,000 proof loads without damage or excessive wear to any major components. Abuse and function-testing of USPs have seen more than 20,000 rounds of.40 S&W fired without a component failure. Milspec environmental tests were conducted in high and low temperatures, in mud, immersed in water and in salt spray. In one particular test, a bullet was deliberately lodged in the barrel and another bullet was fired to clear the obstruction. The barrel was successfully cleared with only minor structural deformation and continued to produce consistent groups when test fired for accuracy.
Major metal components on both the USP and Special Operations Pistol are corrosion-resistant. Outside metal surfaces, such as the steel slide are protected by a proprietary "Hostile Environment" nitride finish. Internal metal parts, such as springs, are coated with a Dow Corning anti-corrosion chemical to reduce friction and wear.
The USP is composed of a total of 54 parts and is broken down into 7 major components for maintenance and cleaning: the barrel, slide, recoil spring, recoil spring guide rod, the frame, slide stop and magazine. This is done by retracting the slide back to align the slide stop axis pin with the disassembly notch on the left side of the slide and withdrawing the axis pin.
Variants
The USP was originally built around the.40 S&W cartridge, but a 9×19mm Parabellum was introduced at the same time. In May 1995, Heckler & Koch introduced a.45 ACP variant. The USP Compact series was introduced in 1996 and is available in 9 mm Parabellum,.40 S&W,.45 ACP, and, exclusively to the Compact model,.357 SIG. Other variants of the standard USP include the USP Tactical, USP Expert, USP Match, USP Elite and the standard sidearm of the German Armed Forces —the P8. The USP Tactical.45 ACP variant is also in limited use by the Bundeswehr, designated as the P12.One of the unique features of the USP is the wide variety of the trigger styles available, which may be quickly swapped. There are nine commercially available modifications.
By using a modular approach to the internal components, the control functions of the USP can be switched from the left to the right side of the pistol for left-handed shooters. The USP can also be converted from one type of trigger/firing mode to another. This includes combination of double-action and single-action and double-action only modes.
In addition to a wide selection of trigger/firing modes, the USP has an ambidextrous magazine release lever that is shielded by the trigger guard from inadvertent actuation. The rear of the USP grip is stepped, and combines well with the tapered magazine to allow for rapid reloading. Finger recesses in the grip frame also aid in magazine removal. On 9 mm and.40 caliber USPs, magazines are constructed of polymer reinforced with stainless steel. Magazines on the USP.45 are all-metal. All USP magazines will drop free of the pistol frame when the magazine release is depressed. Also, the USP does not have a magazine lockout feature. Thus, it is possible to fire a chambered round even with the magazine removed. An extended slide release lever is positioned to allow easy operation without changing the grip of the shooting hand.
;Variants 1 and 2
;Variants 3 and 4
;Variants 5 and 6
;Variant 7
;Variant 8
;Variants 9 and 10
USP Custom Sport
Almost identical to the standard USP, the Custom sport is aimed at target and practical shooting users. The Custom Sport has a match grade barrel, match trigger and adjustable sights.USP Compact
The first USP Compact models appeared in 1996. These are scaled-down USPs, and are available in all the same cartridges as the full size version, and additionally the.357 SIG. Due to the smaller size of the frame, magazines for the Compact variant may have a handgrip extension to better accommodate the shooter's hand. Standard flat floorplates are also available for the USP Compact magazines. The USP Compact comes standard with a bobbed hammer equipped with a flat rubber external thumb grip. This reduces possible snag from the hammer on a holster or clothing while the pistol is being drawn, but still allows the USP Compact to be cocked from a decocked position even in the absence of a spurred hammer. This can be done since decocking the weapon does not fully drop the hammer, leaving it in a somewhat "half-cocked" state. The USP Compact cannot be cocked from a dry-fired position as the hammer will be flush to the back of the slide. However, the operator could pull the trigger approximately halfway back in a dry-fired position to put the hammer in a half-cocked state, allowing the hammer to be fully cocked with the thumb. A spurred hammer, similar to the one that comes as standard on the P10, can be installed onto the USP Compact. USP Compact models lack the mechanical recoil reduction system of the larger full sized USP pistols. Instead, a more compact recoil buffering system is composed of a polymer bushing, around the captive recoil spring, which is designed to absorb energy at the end of the slide's travel rearward. This polymer bushing, with an estimated lifespan of around 20,000 rounds, is used instead of the double spring/captive recoil spring/guide rod found in the full sized USP.In addition to the variants previously described for the full size USP, an ambidextrous safety is available from the manufacturer as a separate part. After installation, the USP Compact effectively becomes a right or left-handed firearm with respect to the decocker and manual safety functions.
Heckler & Koch do not authorise caliber conversions, but a separate barrel for a.357 SIG or.40 S&W can be purchased from HK or from aftermarket companies.
USP Tactical
The USP Tactical incorporates an adjustable rear sight, a higher-profile front sight, an extended threaded barrel and O-ring, a match grade trigger, and an adjustable trigger stop. Sound suppressors designed for the USP Tactical are available from Brügger & Thomet and Knight's Armament. A unique feature of the USP Tactical is that the barrel is left-hand threaded, which makes the pistol incompatible with suppressors designed for the MK23 Mod 0.The KSK of the German Army and the German Navy Kampfschwimmer use the USP Tactical under the designation "P12".
USP Compact Tactical
The USP45CT Compact Tactical is a.45 caliber handgun developed for U.S. special operations. It combines features of the full-size USP45 Tactical pistol in a concealable package. Features include an extended threaded o-ring barrel with polygonal bore profile and taller sights enabling use of sound suppressors. These two features may limit the use of holsters designed for standard USPC pistols. Standard USPC barrels do not feature the o-ring. The USP CT is.45 caliber, and is not offered in 9mm,.40, or.357 SIG.USP Expert
The USP Expert, was introduced in 1998, and includes all the features of the Tactical, with the exception of the threaded barrel. The USP Expert also retains the USP match trigger. It also features an extended steel slide, mostly hiding the longer O-ring barrel. The extended slide adds weight to help reduce muzzle flip and felt recoil. The Expert has adjustable target sights similar to the USP Match, Elite, and Tactical, however the slide the rear sight seat is milled lower. The Expert may be used with an extended magazine well, or jet funnel, in 9 mm and.40 S&W calibers. These are used with larger-capacity magazines. The Jet Funnel magazines are clear plastic, and hold 18 rounds for 9mm, and 16 rounds for.40 S&W. The jet funnel magazine can be used without the jet funnel installed, and will protrude slightly from the bottom of the magazine well. However, after the jet funnel is installed, only jet funnel magazines can be used. The standard USP magazines are too short to lock in place. The bobbed hammer was a factory option for the Expert if it was to be used in IPSC for the Standard Division because the original version "in its ready condition" did not fit the box for Standard division in IPSC.USP Match
The USP Match has the same features offered on the Expert, except for a barrel weight that replaces the elongated slide found on the Expert. This weight is said to provide a recoil counterbalance to aid in target tracking.It was discontinued in 1999.
USP Elite
The USP Elite takes features found on the Tactical, Expert, and Match models, and combines them with a 6.02 in barrel and hand-fitted 9.25 in extended slide. The Elite also includes higher-profile adjustable front and rear sights. Certain models of this gun also have a slightly longer slide-release, or move the mechanism toward the grip for increased comfort. Although longer, the Elite is slightly more accurate. Most USP Elite models are used as target pistols.Equipment
The USP has an accessory rail at the front of the frame for attachments of aftermarket equipment such as laser sights and weapon lights. The rail is of proprietary design, so equipment options are limited compared to other tactical pistols. For instance, one of the few weapon lights compatible with the USP is the UTL made by Insight Technology, and is only available through H&K dealers. As a workaround, some companies offer adapters to convert the USP's rail for use with attachment to mount to picatinny rails. SureFire adapters for both the USP and USP Compact are compatible with their accessories, and GG&G makes the two similar adapters for compatibility with Streamlight's TLR range of weapon lights and lasers. In theory, since both companies' adapters use the semi-standard picatinny design, the adapters should accept any standard pistol mounted weapon light, but because the USP has such a large trigger guard and since there is no strict standard for rail placement, some lights may not be within finger reach of the operator.Attachment of specialty equipment to the USP requires a specialized gunsmith to complete the work.
Testing
The USP was developed at the same time as the SOCOM MK23, the pistol underwent much of the same testing. The barrel is cold-forged from chromium steel for increased life. USP barrels after November 1994 use a polygonal profile; 1994 and earlier models use traditional 'land and grooves' rifling. During testing, a bullet was deliberately lodged in a USP barrel. Another cartridge was then fired into the obstructing bullet. The second bullet cleared the barrel, resulting in a barely-noticeable bulge. The pistol was then fired for accuracy, and the resulting group measured less than 4 inches at 25 meters.Temperature testing required the USP be frozen to −42 °C and fired, frozen again, then be heated to 67 °C and fired. These temperature tests were continually repeated with no adverse effects on the USP.
The gun was also subjected to NATO MIL-SPEC mud and rain tests; it passed without difficulty. Water immersion and salt spray also presented no problems. German Navy combat divers used the USP for years without any signs of corrosion.
Safety testing exceeded the ANSI/SAAMI requirements adopted in May 1990. These included dropping a USP with a primed cartridge and decocked hammer on a variety of hard surfaces without discharging. The USP surpassed these commercial requirements, as well as German Army and police tests, including repeated drop tests from six feet, hammer first, onto a steel backed concrete slab. Proof round firing resulted in no cracks, deformations, or increase in head space. Attempts to fire the USP pistol with an unlocked breech proved unsuccessful.
Testing with a variety of ammunition proved the USP meets these high standards. During the USP testing phase, the recoil-reduction system reduces the force on the USP grip to approximately 300 newtons. Peak force shock on competing.40 caliber polymer and metal framed pistols was around 5,000 newtons. The primary benefit of low peak shock is a decrease in wear and tear on pistol components, a great concern with the +P cartridge in 9 mm,.40 S&W, and.45 ACP. Reduction of peak shock forces also contributes to softer recoil for the shooter, although these "felt recoil" values are subjective.
Service
The USP was adopted in Germany by the Bundeswehr as the P8 in 1994. The P8 has minor differences from the standard USP model: translucent magazines, a reversed safety/decocker lever, and the 'S' and 'F' letters are printed onto the frame instead of onto the lever. The P8 has a traditional lands-and-grooves barrel instead of a polygonal barrel.The P10, adopted by many German State Police forces, is a USP Compact with the addition of a spurred hammer. Both P8 and P10 are chambered in 9×19mm Parabellum only.
In 1998, the H&K USP Compact with the LEM trigger action, in.40 Smith & Wesson, was adopted by the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service as the duty sidearm for its Special Agents and plain clothes officers. In 2004, after the I&NS's criminal investigations branch merged with the U.S. Customs Service's Office of Investigations into the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Homeland Security Investigations, the former I&NS Special Agents continued to carry the USP Compact. New duty pistols, the SIG Sauer Model P229 DAK, in.40 Caliber Smith & Wesson, were eventually issued to the HSI Special Agents after new pistol contracts were awarded by DHS.
On August 24, 2004, SIG Sauer and Heckler & Koch/HK Defense won major pistol contracts with the United States Department of Homeland Security. The contract was valued at $26.2 million. The HK pistol models chosen were the HK P2000 US, HK P2000 SK Subcompact, and the USP Compact/LEM. The LEM trigger is HK's version of SIG's DAK trigger, and vice versa. According to the company, the LEM trigger allows for faster follow-up shots on target than a standard double-action-only system. This is due to a lighter trigger pull and shorter trigger reset than standard DAO trigger systems. The LEM trigger uses a two-piece "pre-cocked hammer" composed of a cocking piece and an external hammer. The hammer is pre-cocked as a round is chambered. The LEM system supposedly also provides reliable primer ignition, since it uses a stronger hammer spring.
The LEM trigger can be installed on existing USP Compact pistols acquired before the LEM trigger came on the market—either by a certified gunsmith or by sending the pistol to Heckler & Koch. In addition, the USP Compact pistol can retain its external safety with the LEM trigger—making it the only modified double-action pistol with an external safety.
Users
| Country | Organization name | Model | Caliber | Reference |
| Australian Federal Police Air Security Officers | USP Tactical | 9mm | ||
| Western Australia Police Tactical Response Group | USP Tactical | .45 ACP | ||
| Australian Army Special Operations Command | USP Tactical | 9mm | ||
| Queensland Police Special Emergency Response Team | USP Tactical | .45 ACP | ||
| Victoria Police Special Operations Group | USP Tactical | .45 ACP | ||
| Canadian Special Operations Forces Command units of The Canadian Armed Forces | USP 45 | - | ||
| Danish Police | USP Compact | 9 mm | ||
| Jægerkorpset of the Royal Danish Army | USP9 SD | 9 mm | ||
| Central Security Forces Sa'ka Forces Unit 777 | - | |||
| Estonian Armed Forces | USP | 9 mm | ||
| French Navy | USP Compact | - | ||
| Recherche Aéroportée et Actions Spécialisées | USP Tactical | - | ||
| Bundeswehr | P8 USP Tactical | 9mm,.45 ACP | ||
| Landespolizei | USP Compact | 9mm | ||
| Georgian Armed Forces | USP | 9 mm | ||
| Hellenic Coast Guard | USP Compact | 9mm | ||
| Hellenic Police | USP Compact | 9mm | ||
| Defence Forces | USP family | 9mm | ||
| Japanese Special Forces Group | - | - | ||
| - | .40 S&W .45 ACP | |||
| Lithuanian Armed Forces | - | 9mm | ||
| Unité Spéciale de la Police of the Grand Ducal Police | - | - | ||
| Pasukan Gerakan Khas of the Royal Malaysia Police | USP Compact USP Tactical SD | 9mm | ||
| Royal Malaysia Police divisions in States of Sabah and Sarawak | USP Compact | 9mm | ||
| Malaysian Immigration Department | USP Compact | 9mm | ||
| Grup Taktikal Khas of the Malaysian Immigration Department | USP Compact | 9mm | ||
| RELA Corps | USP Compact | 9mm | ||
| Military of Mauritius | P8 USP Tactical | 9mm,.45 ACP | ||
| Inter-Services Intelligence | USP family | - | ||
| Grupa Reagowania Operacyjno-Manewrowego of the Polish Special Forces | USP family | - | ||
| Portuguese Army | ||||
| Portuguese Air Force | USP family | 9mm | ||
| Republican National Guard | USP family | - | ||
| Public Security Police | USP family | - | ||
| Portuguese Prison Guard | USP family | - | ||
| Special Forces | USP | 9mm | - | |
| Special Brigade | USP | 9mm | ||
| Special Operations Command of the Singapore Police Force | USP Compact | - | ||
| Special Task Force of Central Narcotics Bureau | USP Compact | - | - | |
| South African Police Service Special Task Force | USP USP Compact | 9mm | ||
| Spanish Armed Forces | - | - | ||
| Grupo Especial de Operaciones of the Cuerpo Nacional de Policía | USP Compact | - | ||
| Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera | USP Compact. | - | - | |
| Guardia Civil | USP Compact | - | ||
| ▶ Ertzaintza | USP Compact | 9 mm | ||
| ▶ Mossos d'Esquadra | USP Compact | - | - | |
| Royal Thai Army | USP | .45 ACP | - | |
| Federal Flight Deck Officer | USP40c | .40S&W | ||
| Maine State Police | USP45 | .45 ACP | ||
| Santa Monica Police Department in California | USP45 USP9 | .45 ACP 9mm | ||
| Immigration and Naturalization Service | USP Compact/LEM | .40S&W |