Heteronym (linguistics)
A heteronym is a word that has a different pronunciation and meaning from another word but the same spelling. These are homographs that are not homophones. Thus, lead and lead are heteronyms, but mean and mean are not, since they are pronounced the same. Heteronym pronunciation may vary in vowel realisation, in stress pattern, or in other ways.
Description
A heteronym is a homograph that is not a homophone, a word that has a different pronunciation and meaning from another word with the same spelling. Heteronym pronunciation may vary in vowel realisation, in stress pattern, or in other ways."Heterophone" literally just means "different sound", and this term is sometimes applied to words that are just pronounced differently, irrespective of their spelling. Such a definition would include virtually every pair of words in the language, so "heterophone" in this sense is normally restricted to instances where there is some particular reason to highlight the different sound. For example, puns normally involve homophones, but in the case of heterophonic puns, the two words sound different, and yet similar enough for one to suggest the other.
Types
Most heteronyms are doubles. Triple heteronyms are extremely rare; three examples, sin, mobile and does, are listed below.Proper nouns can sometimes be heteronyms. For example, the final syllable of Oregon is pronounced like the word in by residents of that state in the United States, while in the name of the village of Oregon in Wisconsin, the final syllable is pronounced like the word on. Other examples include local pronunciations of Cairo, Georgia; Versailles, Kentucky; and Milan, Tennessee—compared to the more well-known Cairo, Versailles, and Milan—or the difference between the pronunciation of Louisville, Kentucky and the town of Louisville, New York.
There are also pairs which ignore case and include both initialisms and regular words, e.g., US and us.
Heteronyms can also occur in non-alphabetic languages. For example, the Chinese character 行 can be pronounced háng, meaning "profession", or xíng, meaning "OK".
Examples
Heteronymns with definitions
English
In some of these cases, American and British English pronunciations differ.For a longer list, see.
| Spelling | Pronun. | PoS | Meaning | ||
| :wiktionary:abstract|abstract | a. | existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence | |||
| :wiktionary:abstract|abstract | v. | consider theoretically or separately from something else | |||
| abuse | n. | improper treatment | |||
| abuse | v. | to use improperly | |||
| :wiktionary:address|address | AmE and BrE | v. | to speak to the crowd | ||
| :wiktionary:address|address | AmE BrE | n. | a postal address | ||
| advocate | v. | to argue for someone else | |||
| advocate | n. | a person who speaks in support of something | |||
| affect | v. | to have an effect on | |||
| affect | n. | mood, emotional state | |||
| agape | adv. | open wide | |||
| agape | , | n. | altruistic, beneficial love | ||
| :wiktionary:allied|allied | v. | They allied themselves with the French. | |||
| :wiktionary:allied|allied | a. | The Treaty of Vienna had bound the Allied Powers to make war together upon Napoleon. | |||
| alternate | or | adj. | other | ||
| alternate | v. | to take turns | |||
| :wiktionary:alum|alum | n. | a type of astringent salt | |||
| :wiktionary:alum|alum | n. | a past attendee or graduate of an educational institution | |||
| analyses | n. | plural of analysis | |||
| analyses | v. | third person singular present of analyse | |||
| appropriate | adj. | suitable | |||
| appropriate | v. | to set apart for | |||
| attribute | n. | a characteristic | |||
| attribute | v. | to associate ownership | |||
| :wiktionary:articulate|articulate | v. | "The tourists are the ones who always try to articulate every syllable when they speak the language." | |||
| :wiktionary:articulate|articulate | a. | "In one decade, the image of youth went from radicals uttering rage-filled rhetoric to the much less articulate valley girl or surfer wannabe." | |||
| august/August | adj. | awe-inspiring, majestic, noble, venerable | |||
| august/August | n. | the eighth month of the Roman, Julian, and Gregorian calendars | |||
| axes | n. | pl. of axis | |||
| axes | n. | pl. of axe | |||
| :wiktionary:ay|ay/:wiktionary:aye|aye | . | adv. | He voted aye on the legislation he had sponsored | ||
| :wiktionary:ay|ay/:wiktionary:aye|aye | adv. | They vowed their undying love for aye. | |||
| bases | n. | plural of base | |||
| bases | n. | plural of basis | |||
| bass | n. | low in pitch | |||
| bass | n. | a fish | |||
| blessed | adj. | having divine aid | |||
| blessed | v. | past tense of bless | |||
| bow | n. | a stringed weapon, or the initiator of sound in some stringed musical instruments. | |||
| bow | n. | an object that you clip or tie on to your hair to keep it from falling into your face | |||
| bow | v. | to bend in respect | |||
| bow | n. | the front of a boat or ship | |||
| buffet | ~ | n. | sideboard meal | ||
| buffet | v. | to strike | |||
| close | v. | to shut | |||
| close | adj. | nearby | |||
| n. | A farm machine that harvests and threshes | ||||
| v. | To bring two or more things together, mix | ||||
| compact | v. | to compress | |||
| compact | adj. | small | |||
| complex | n. | A collection of buildings with a common purpose, such as a university or military base | |||
| complex | , | adj. | Made up of multiple parts | ||
| n. | A substance having definite proportions of elements | ||||
| v. | To make a situation worse | ||||
| :wiktionary:concert|concert | n. | We saw the band in concert. | |||
| :wiktionary:concert|concert | v. | We had to concert all our energy to stay awake. | |||
| conduct | n. | action | |||
| conduct | v. | to lead | |||
| :wiktionary:confines|confines | n. pl. | Work within the confines of the contract. | |||
| :wiktionary:confines|confines | v. | But the contract confines my creativity! | |||
| :wiktionary:conflict|conflict | n. | The mother said to her belligerent son, "Violence is no way to resolve conflict!" | |||
| :wiktionary:conflict|conflict | v. | The two news reports seem to conflict with each other. | |||
| console | v. | provide comfort from grief | |||
| console | n. | control unit | |||
| content | n. | information | |||
| content | adj. | satisfied | |||
| :wiktionary:contract|contract | n. | The contract was supposed to expire seven years after it was signed. | |||
| :wiktionary:contract|contract | v. | Derek firmly stated that he would rather contract pneumonia and die than stand outside wearing that ridiculous pink and green poncho. | |||
| convict | v. | to find guilty | |||
| convict | n. | one convicted | |||
| :wiktionary:crooked|crooked | v. | I crooked my arm to show the sleeve. | |||
| :wiktionary:crooked|crooked | a. | Unfortunately, that just made the sleeve look crooked. | |||
| decrease | v. | To lessen | |||
| decrease | n. | A diminution | |||
| defense | n. | The attorney gave a strong defense. | |||
| defense | n. | The coach put out his best defense. | |||
| desert | n. | an arid region | |||
| desert | v. | to abandon | |||
| :wiktionary:discard|discard | n. | Toss it in the discard pile. | |||
| :wiktionary:discard|discard | v. | But I don't want to discard it! | |||
| :wiktionary:do|do | , | v. | What do you think you are doing? | ||
| :wiktionary:do|do | n. | To warm-up, the singer sang the scale from do. | |||
| does | n. | pl. of doe | |||
| does | v. | form of do | |||
| does | n. | one spelling of the plural of do as a noun - e.g. hair does | |||
| :wiktionary:dogged|dogged | v. | At night proctors patrolled the street and dogged your steps if you tried to go into any haunt where the presence of vice was suspected. | |||
| :wiktionary:dogged|dogged | a. | Still, the dogged obstinacy of his race held him to the pace he had set, and would hold him till he dropped in his tracks. | |||
| dove | n. | a bird | |||
| dove | v. | Mainly American past tense of dive | |||
| :wiktionary:ellipses|ellipses | n. | Plural of :wiktionary:ellipse|ellipse | |||
| :wiktionary:ellipses|ellipses | n. | Plural of :wiktionary:ellipsis|ellipsis | |||
| entrance | n. | doorway | |||
| entrance | v. | to delight | |||
| :wikt:exploit|exploit | n. | a heroic or extraordinary deed | |||
| :wikt:exploit|exploit | v. | to make use of or take advantage of | |||
| house | n. | a residential building | |||
| house | v. | to place in residence | |||
| :wiktionary:incense|incense | n. | Dad, I bought this incense at the temple. | |||
| :wiktionary:incense|incense | v. | Big mistake. If you burn it here, you'll incense your mother. | |||
| increase | /ɪn-ˈkriːs/ | v. | To get greater | ||
| increase | /ˈɪn-kriːs/ | n. | An augmentation | ||
| intimate | v. | to suggest | |||
| intimate | adj. | very close | |||
| invalid | adj. | incorrect | |||
| invalid | n. | a disabled person | |||
| laminate | v. | to assemble from thin sheets glued together | |||
| laminate | n. | material formed of thin sheets glued together | |||
| lead | v. | to guide | |||
| lead | n. | a metal | |||
| learned | adj. | having much learning | |||
| learned | v. | past tense of learn | |||
| :wiktionary:lima|lima/Lima | n. or attributive | A vegetable | |||
| :wiktionary:lima|lima/Lima | pn. | A city in Ohio, United States | |||
| :wiktionary:lima|lima/Lima | pn. | The capital city of Peru | |||
| live | v. | to be alive | |||
| live | adj. | having life | |||
| merchandise | n. | goods available for sale | |||
| merchandise | v. | to make available for sale | |||
| minute | adj. | small | |||
| minute | n. | unit of time | |||
| :wiktionary:mobile|mobile/Mobile | AmE, BrE | n. | The baby sat in awe at the bright colors on the mobile. | ||
| :wiktionary:mobile|mobile/Mobile | AmE, BrE | a. | Although most animals are mobile, the sponge is sessile. | ||
| :wiktionary:mobile|mobile/Mobile | pn. | A city in Alabama | |||
| moped | n. | a small motorcycle | |||
| moped | v. | past tense of mope | |||
| :wiktionary:mow|mow | n. | a stack of hay, or the part of a barn where hay is stored | |||
| :wiktionary:mow|mow | v. | To cut something down or knock down | |||
| multiply | v. | to increase | |||
| multiply | adv. | in multiple ways | |||
| number | n. | a numeral | |||
| number | adj. | more numb | |||
| object | n. | a thing | |||
| object | v. | to protest | |||
| :wiktionary:overall|overall | a. | Overall, we didn't do too badly. | |||
| :wiktionary:overall|overall | n. | I need new overalls. | |||
| :wiktionary:periodic|periodic | a. | Temperature shows periodic variation. | |||
| :wiktionary:periodic|periodic | a. | Periodic acid is an oxoacid of iodine. | |||
| polish/Polish | v. | to shine | |||
| polish/Polish | adj. | of, from, or native to Poland | |||
| present | v. | to reveal | |||
| present | n. | a gift | |||
| present | n. | the current moment | |||
| present | adj. | existing in the immediate vicinity | |||
| primer | AmE, BrE | n. | Book that covers the basic elements of a subject | ||
| primer | n. | An undercoat of paint | |||
| proceeds | n. | Revenue | |||
| proceeds | v. | Third person singular of the verb "proceed" | |||
| produce | v. | to make | |||
| produce | n. | fruit and vegetables | |||
| progress | /prəˈɡrɛs/ | v. | I hope things will progress faster. | ||
| progress | /ˈprɑɡrɛs/ | n. | I haven't made any progress. | ||
| project | n. | an undertaking | |||
| project | v. | to cast an image | |||
| putting | v. | pr. part. of to put | |||
| putting | v. | pr. part. of to putt | |||
| :wiktionary:ragged|ragged | v. | She ragged on me about my ragged jeans. | |||
| :wiktionary:ragged|ragged | a. | But my ragged jeans are my trademark, I responded. | |||
| read | v. | present tense | |||
| read | v. | past tense | |||
| rebel | v. | to resist | |||
| rebel | n. | one who rebels | |||
| record | n. | physical information | |||
| record | v. | to make a record | |||
| recreate | v. | to relax by leisure activity | |||
| recreate | v. | to give new life or create again | |||
| refuse | n. | garbage | |||
| refuse | v. | to decline | |||
| resign | v. | to quit | |||
| resign | v. | to sign again; re-sign | |||
| resume | v. | to start again | |||
| resume | n. | curriculum vitae | |||
| retreat | v. | to fall back from a battle front | |||
| retreat | v. | to treat again | n. | The tree's root was rotted. | |
| :wiktionary:root|root | v. | A pig can be trained to root for mushrooms. | |||
| row | n.; v. | a line; to paddle a boat | |||
| row | n. | an argument | |||
| sake | n. | benefit | |||
| sake | n. | rice wine | |||
| :wiktionary:second|second | adj., n., v. | ordinal of "two", 1/60 of a minute, to endorse a motion | |||
| :wiktionary:second|second | v. | to transfer temporarily to an alternative employment | |||
| :wiktionary:separate|separate | a. | This should be divided into packets of ten cartridges each, which should be rolled up in flannel and hermetically sealed in separate tin canisters. | |||
| :wiktionary:separate|separate | v. | To stalk these wary antelopes I was obliged to separate from my party, who continued on their direct route. | |||
| sewer | n. | drainage pipes | |||
| sewer | n. | one who sews | |||
| shower | n. | precipitation | |||
| shower | n. | one who shows | |||
| sin/Sin | n. | a moral error | |||
| sin/Sin | n. | abbrev. for sine | |||
| sin/Sin | n. | Sumerian god of the moon | |||
| sow | v. | to plant seeds | |||
| sow | n. | a mature female in the swine species | |||
| subject | n. | a topic | |||
| subject | v. | to cause to undergo | |||
| supposed | adj. | being assumed to be | |||
| supposed | v. | obliged to do | |||
| supposed | v. | past sense of suppose | |||
| tear | n. | liquid produced by crying | |||
| tear | v., n. | to separate | |||
| :wiktionary:tier|tier | n. | Our seats are in the third tier of the stadium. | |||
| :wiktionary:tier|tier | n. | Will the tier be around to make these knots? | |||
| transfer | n. | a movement of something from one place to another | |||
| transfer | v. | to move something from one place to another | |||
| use | n. | function, benefit | |||
| use | v. | employ, utilize | |||
| unionized | adj. | formed into a union | |||
| unionized | adj. | not ionized | |||
| :wiktionary:whoop|whoop | v. | Pa says he's gonna whoop you good if you don't learn some manners! | |||
| :wiktionary:whoop|whoop | v. | When they scored a goal, he began to whoop and holler. | |||
| wicked | adj. | bad, evil | |||
| wicked | v. | past tense of wick | |||
| wind | n. | air movement | |||
| wind | v. | to tighten a spring | |||
| wound | v. | past tense of wind | |||
| wound | n., v. | an injury |
French
In French, most heteronyms result from certain endings being pronounced differently in verbs and nouns. In particular, the third person plural verb ending -ent is silent.| Spelling | Pronun. | PoS | Meaning |
| :wiktionary:affluent#French|affluent | v. | they pour in | |
| :wiktionary:affluent#French|affluent | n. | a tributary of a river | |
| :wiktionary:as#French|as | v. | you have | |
| :wiktionary:as#French|as | n. | an ace | |
| :wiktionary:bout#French|bout | n. | length | |
| :wiktionary:bout#French|bout | n. | rope | |
| :wiktionary:content#French|content | v. | they recount | |
| :wiktionary:content#French|content | adj. | happy | |
| :wiktionary:convient#French|convient | v. | they invite | |
| :wiktionary:convient#French|convient | v. | it is suitable | |
| :wiktionary:couvent#French|couvent | v. | they brood | |
| :wiktionary:couvent#French|couvent | n. | a convent | |
| :wiktionary:éditions#French|éditions | v. | we edited | |
| :wiktionary:éditions#French|éditions | n. | publications | |
| :wiktionary:est#French|est | v. | he/she is | |
| :wiktionary:est#French|est | n. | the East | |
| :wiktionary:excellent#French|excellent | v. | they excel | |
| :wiktionary:excellent#French|excellent | adj. | excellent | |
| :wiktionary:expédient#French|expédient | v. | they send | |
| :wiktionary:expédient#French|expédient | n. | an expedient | |
| :wiktionary:fier#French|fier | v. | to trust | |
| :wiktionary:fier#French|fier | adj. | proud | |
| :wiktionary:fils#French|fils | n. | son, sons | |
| :wiktionary:fils#French|fils | n. | wires | |
| :wiktionary:négligent#French|négligent | v. | they neglect | |
| :wiktionary:négligent#French|négligent | adj. | negligent | |
| :wiktionary:objections#French|objections | v. | we objected | |
| :wiktionary:objections#French|objections | n. | objections | |
| :wiktionary:oignons#French|oignons | v. | we anoint | |
| :wiktionary:oignons#French|oignons | n. | onions | |
| :wiktionary:parent#French|parent | v. | they adorn | |
| :wiktionary:parent#French|parent | n. | parent | |
| :wiktionary:portions#French|portions | v. | we carried | |
| :wiktionary:portions#French|portions | n. | portions | |
| :wiktionary:relations#French|relations | v. | we recounted | |
| :wiktionary:relations#French|relations | n. | relations | |
| :wiktionary:résident#French|résident | v. | they reside | |
| :wiktionary:résident#French|résident | n. | resident | |
| :wiktionary:violent#French|violent | v. | they violate | |
| :wiktionary:violent#French|violent | adj. | violent | |
| :wiktionary:vis#French|vis | v. | I live, I saw | |
| :wiktionary:vis#French|vis | n. | screw, screws |
Modern Greek
Modern Greek spelling is largely unambiguous, but there are a few cases where a word has distinct learned and vernacular meaning and pronunciation, despite having the same root, and where| Spelling | Pronun. | PoS | Meaning |
| :wiktionary:άδεια|άδεια | adj. | empty | |
| :wiktionary:άδεια|άδεια | n. | leave, day off | |
| :wiktionary:βεντέτα|βεντέτα | n. | vendetta | |
| :wiktionary:βεντέτα|βεντέτα | n. | star | |
| :wiktionary:βιάζω|βιάζω | v. | I hasten | |
| :wiktionary:βιάζω|βιάζω | v. | I rape | |
| :wiktionary:καμπάνα|καμπάνα | n. | bell | |
| :wiktionary:καμπάνα|καμπάνα | n. | cabana | |
| :wiktionary:λόγια|λόγια | n. | words | |
| :wiktionary:λόγια|λόγια | adj. | learnèd |
Italian
is largely unambiguous, with a few exceptions:- open and closed
and are not distinguished; - the voiced and unvoiced pronunciations of
are not distinguished; - stress is not marked except when it is on the final syllable.
Some common cases:
| Spelling | Pronun. | PoS | Meaning |
| :wiktionary:affetto#Italian|affetto | affètto | n. | affection |
| :wiktionary:affetto#Italian|affetto | affétto | v. | I slice |
| :wiktionary:arena#Italian|arena | arèna | n. | arena |
| :wiktionary:arena#Italian|arena | aréna | n. | sand |
| :wiktionary:botte#Italian|botte | bòtte | n. | attacks, blows |
| :wiktionary:botte#Italian|botte | bótte | n. | barrel |
| :wiktionary:collega#Italian|collega | collèga | n. | colleague |
| :wiktionary:collega#Italian|collega | colléga | v. | he/she connects |
| :wiktionary:corresse#Italian|corresse | corrèsse | v. | he/she corrected |
| :wiktionary:corresse#Italian|corresse | corrésse | v. | he/she ran |
| :wiktionary:credo#Italian|credo | crèdo | n. | creed |
| :wiktionary:credo#Italian|credo | crédo | v. | I believe |
| :wiktionary:colto#Italian|colto | còlto | ppl. | gathered |
| :wiktionary:colto#Italian|colto | cólto | adj. | cultivated |
| :wiktionary:corso#Italian|corso | còrso | n. | a Corsican |
| :wiktionary:corso#Italian|corso | córso | n. | a course |
| :wiktionary:corso#Italian|corso | córso | ppl. | run |
| :wiktionary:esca#Italian|esca | èsca | v. | he/she exits |
| :wiktionary:esca#Italian|esca | ésca | n. | bait |
| :wiktionary:esse#Italian|esse | èsse | n. | the letter S |
| :wiktionary:esse#Italian|esse | ésse | pron. | they |
| :wiktionary:foro#Italian|foro | fòro | n. | forum, court |
| :wiktionary:foro#Italian|foro | fóro | n. | a hole |
| :wiktionary:fosse#Italian|fosse | fòsse | n. | pits |
| :wiktionary:fosse#Italian|fosse | fósse | v. | were |
| :wiktionary:indotto#Italian|indotto | indòtto | adj. | ignorant |
| :wiktionary:indotto#Italian|indotto | indótto | ppl. | induced |
| :wiktionary:legge#Italian|legge | lègge | v. | he/she reads |
| :wiktionary:legge#Italian|legge | légge | n. | law |
| :wiktionary:mento#Italian|mento | mènto | v. | I lie |
| :wiktionary:mento#Italian|mento | ménto | n. | chin |
| :wiktionary:messe#Italian|messe | mèsse | n. | harvest |
| :wiktionary:messe#Italian|messe | mésse | n. | religious mass |
| :wiktionary:pesca#Italian|pesca | pèsca | n. | peach |
| :wiktionary:pesca#Italian|pesca | pésca | n. | fishing |
| :wiktionary:pesca#Italian|pesca | pésca | v. | he/she fishes |
| :wiktionary:peste#Italian|peste | pèste | n. | plague |
| :wiktionary:peste#Italian|peste | péste | adj. | crushed |
| :wiktionary:peste#Italian|peste | péste | n. | footprints |
| :wiktionary:re#Italian|re | rè | n. | re |
| :wiktionary:re#Italian|re | ré | n. | king |
| :wiktionary:scopo#Italian|scopo | scòpo | n. | goal |
| :wiktionary:scopo#Italian|scopo | scópo | v. | I sweep |
| :wiktionary:sorta#Italian|sorta | sòrta | n. | kind |
| :wiktionary:sorta#Italian|sorta | sórta | v. | I rose |
| :wiktionary:te#Italian|te | tè | n. | tea |
| :wiktionary:te#Italian|te | té | pron. | you |
| :wiktionary:tema#Italian|tema | tèma | n. | theme, subject |
| :wiktionary:tema#Italian|tema | téma | n. | fear |
| :wiktionary:torta#Italian|torta | tòrta | adj., ppl. | twisted |
| :wiktionary:torta#Italian|torta | tórta | n. | a torte |
| :wiktionary:venti#Italian|venti | vènti | n. | winds |
| :wiktionary:venti#Italian|venti | vénti | n. | twenty |
| :wiktionary:volgo#Italian|volgo | vòlgo | v. | I turn |
| :wiktionary:volgo#Italian|volgo | vólgo | n. | the people |
| :wiktionary:volto#Italian|volto | vòlto | ppl. | turned |
| :wiktionary:volto#Italian|volto | vólto | n. | face |
| Spelling | Pronun. | PoS | Meaning |
| :wiktionary:ancora#Italian|ancora | àncora | n. | anchor |
| :wiktionary:ancora#Italian|ancora | ancòra | adv. | again |
| :wiktionary:ambito#Italian|ambito | àmbito | n. | ambit, scope |
| :wiktionary:ambito#Italian|ambito | ambìto | ppl. | longed-for |
| :wiktionary:compito#Italian|compito | cómpito | n. | task |
| :wiktionary:compito#Italian|compito | compìto | ppl. | polite, completed |
| :wiktionary:cupido#Italian|cupido | cùpido | adj. | covetous |
| :wiktionary:cupido#Italian|cupido | cupìdo | n. | Cupid |
| :wiktionary:nocciolo#Italian|nocciolo | nòcciolo | n. | kernel |
| :wiktionary:nocciolo#Italian|nocciolo | nocciòlo | n. | hazelnut tree |
| :wiktionary:principi#Italian|principi | prìncipi | n. | princes |
| :wiktionary:principi#Italian|principi | princìpi | n. | principles |
| :wiktionary:retina#Italian|retina | rètina | n. | retina |
| :wiktionary:retina#Italian|retina | retìna | n. | small net |
| :wiktionary:seguito#Italian|seguito | sèguito | n. | sequel |
| :wiktionary:seguito#Italian|seguito | seguìto | ppl. | followed |
| :wiktionary:Sofia#Italian|Sofia | Sòfia | n. | Sofia |
| :wiktionary:Sofia#Italian|Sofia | Sofìa | n. | Sofia |
| :wiktionary:subito#Italian|subito | subìto | v. | undergone |
| :wiktionary:subito#Italian|subito | sùbito | adv. | immediately |
| Spelling | Pronun. | PoS | Meaning |
| :wiktionary:re#Italian|razza | /'rattsa/ | n. | race, breed |
| :wiktionary:re#Italian|razza | /'raddzsa/ | n. | ray, skate |
Dutch
Dutch has heteronyms which vary in stress position, known as 'stress homograms', such as :wiktionary:appel#Dutch|appel: /ˈɑpəl/ 'apple' vs. /ɑˈpɛl/ 'appeal'. Other examples include :wiktionary:beamen#Dutch|beamen, :wiktionary:bedelen#Dutch|bedelen, :wiktionary:hockeyster#Dutch|hockeyster, :wiktionary:kantelen#Dutch|kantelen, :wiktionary:misdadiger#Dutch|misdadiger, :wiktionary:overweg#Dutch|overweg, :wiktionary:verspringen#Dutch|verspringen, :wiktionary:verwerpen#Dutch|verwerpen.The word :wiktionary:plant#Dutch|plant is generally pronounced /plɑnt/, but may be pronounced /plɛnt/ in the sense 'he/she plans'.
German
German has :wiktionary:Category:German heteronyms|few heteronyms, for example:- Some vary in stress position: :wiktionary:umfahren#German|umfahren 'to knock down' vs. 'to bypass'; :wiktionary:übersetzen#German|übersetzen 'to translate' vs. 'to traverse'; :wiktionary:Spiegelei#German|Spiegelei 'fried egg' vs. 'mirroring'.
- Some are compounded differently: Staubecken as Stau-becken vs. Staub-Ecken or Wachstube as 'Wach-stube' vs. 'Wachs-tube'; etc.
- Several are borrowings: :wiktionary:modern#German|modern 'to molder' vs. 'modern' or :wiktionary:Montage#German|Montage 'Mondays' vs. 'mounting, intalling, assembling'.