High-pressure nervous syndrome is a neurological and physiologicaldiving disorder which can result when a diver descends below about using a breathing gas containing helium. The effects experienced, and the severity of those effects, depend on the rate of descent, the depth and percentage of helium. "Helium tremors" were first widely described in 1965 by Royal Navy physiologist Peter B. Bennett, who also founded the Divers Alert Network. Russian scientist G. L. Zal'tsman also reported on helium tremors in his experiments from 1961. However, these reports were not available in the West until 1967. The term high-pressure nervous syndrome was first used by Brauer in 1968 to describe the combined symptoms of tremor, electroencephalography changes, and somnolence that appeared during a chamber dive in Marseille.
HPNS has two components, one resulting from the speed of compression and the other from the absolute pressure. The compression effects may occur when descending below at rates greater than a few metres per minute, but reduce within a few hours once the pressure has stabilised. The effects from depth become significant at depths exceeding and remain regardless of the time spent at that depth. All of the effects are completely reversible on ascent to shallower depths. The susceptibility of divers and animals to HPNS varies over a wide range depending on the individual, but has little variation between different dives by the same diver. The effect of dissolved helium on an embedded trans-membrane channel has also been studied by molecular modeling tools. Those suggest that helium might cause substantial lipid membrane distortion. The high hydrostatic pressure itself has a less damaging influence on the membrane, reducing molecular volumes, but leaving the molecular boundary intact.
Prevention
It is likely that HPNS cannot be entirely prevented but there are effective methods to delay or change the development of the symptoms. Utilizing slow rates of compression or adding stops to the compression have been found to prevent large initial decrements in performance. Including other gases in the helium–oxygen mixture, such as nitrogen or hydrogen suppresses the neurological effects. Alcohol, anesthetics and anticonvulsant drugs have had varying results in suppressing HPNS with animals. None are currently in use for humans.
