Hungarian mythology includes the myths, legends, folk tales, fairy tales and gods of the Hungarians, also known as the Magyars.
Mythological cosmology
In Hungarian myth, the world is divided into three spheres: the first is the Upper World, the home of the gods; the second is the Middle World or world we know, and finally the underworld. In the center of the world stands a tall tree: the World Tree / Tree of Life. Its foliage is the Upper World, and the Turul bird dwells on top of it. The Middle World is located at its trunk and the underworld is around its roots. In some stories, the tree has fruit: the golden apples.
Upper World
The gods live in the Upper World. Gods have the same rank, although the most important figure of them is Isten. He controls the world, shapes the fate of humans, observes the Middle World from the sky, and sometimes gives warning by lightning. Isten created the world with the help of Ördög. Other gods include: Istenanya, also known as Boldogasszony, and Hadúr. The major celestial bodies,, are also located in the Upper World. The sky was thought to be a big tent held up by the Tree of Life. The several holes in it are the stars. The Sun, Moon, and symbols of the cosmic word, are known from Hungarian grave findings from the period of Hungarian conquest. In Hungarian mythology, it was believed, that the human soul is immortal, and life was seen as a peregrination to Heaven.
Middle World
The Middle World is shared among humans and many mythological creatures; the latter are often supernatural. There are ghosts of the forests and waters, who are ordered to scare humans. They have different names in different places. There are females, for example, the sellő, which lives in water and has a human torso with the tail of a fish. The wind is controlled by an old lady called Szélanya or Szélkirály. The Sárkány is a frightening beast: he is the enemy of many heroes in fairy tales, symbolising the psychical inner struggle of the hero. The Sárkány usually has 1-7 heads. The lidérc is a ghostly, mysterious creature with several different appearances, its works are always malicious. The manók and the törpék are foxy beings living in woods or under the ground. Óriások live in the mountains. They have both good and bad qualities. Favourite creatures are the tündérek, who are beautiful young virgins or female creatures. They aid humans, who sometimes can ask three wishes from them. Their opposites are the bábák, who are equated with catty old witches.
Underworld
The Underworld is the home of Ördög, creator of everything bad for humans: for example, annoying animals such as fleas, lice, and flies. It is uncertain whether the underworld was regarded as a place of punishment or not, since the naming of it as Pokol developed after Christianization.
Religion
Research about the ancient Hungarian religion has led to that it was a form of Tengrism, a shamanic religion common among the early Turkic and Mongolian people, that was influenced by Zoroastrianism from the Persians and Hinduism and Buddhism whom the Huns and Avars had encountered during their westward migration. Another theory ties the religion to that of the Huns and Scythians of Central Asia due to similar or even identical legends to the Hungarian origin myth. The shamanic role was filled by the táltos. Their souls were thought to be able to travel between the three spheres via révülés. They were also doctors. A taltos was selected by fate; their slight abnormalities at birth (neonatal teeth, caulbearer, white hair, and additional fingers were believed to be the sign of a divine order. The steps of their introduction:
Climbing up on the "shaman ladder / shaman tree" symbolized the World Tree;
Drenching the ghosts: drinking the blood of the sacrificed animal.
They had the ability to contact spirits by specific rituals and praying. Thus, they interpreted dreams, mediated between humans and spirits, cured and removed curses, and had an ability to find and bring back lost souls. They directed animal sacrifices and guessed the reason of an ancestor's anger. After death, the human soul leaves the body. The body is buried by relatives on the other bank of a river, looking towards east.
Figures
Deities
Animals and spirits
Heroes and human figures
Remnants in folklore
Comparative methods can reveal that some motifs of folktales, fragments of songs or rhymes of folk customs preserved pieces of the old belief system. Some records tell about shaman-like figures directly. Shamanic remnants in Hungarian folklore was researched among others by :hu:Diószegi Vilmos|Vilmos Diószegi, based on ethnographic records in Hungary and comparative works with various shamans of some Siberian peoples. Ethnographer Mihály Hoppál continued his work of studying Hungarian shamanistic belief remnants, comparing shamanistic beliefs of Uralic language relatives of Hungarians with those of several non-Uralic Siberian peoples as well.
