Hungarian phonology
The phonology of the Hungarian language is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent occurrence of geminate consonants and the presence of otherwise uncommon palatal stops.
Consonants
This is the standard Hungarian consonantal system, using symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet.- It is debated whether the palatal consonant pair consists of stops or affricates. They are considered affricates or stops, depending on register, by Tamás Szende, head of the department of General Linguistics at PPKE, and stops by Mária Gósy, research professor, head of the Department of Phonetics at ELTE. The reason for the different analyses is that the relative duration of the friction of is longer than those of the stops, but shorter than those of the affricates. has the stop-like nature of having a full duration no longer than those of other stops such as but, considering the average closure time in relation to the friction time of the consonants, its duration structure is somewhat closer to those of the affricates.
The phonemes and can appear on the surface as geminates: bridzs .
Hungarian orthography, unlike that of the surrounding Slavic languages, does not use háčky or any other consonant diacritics. Instead, the letters c, s, z are used alone or combined in the digraphs cs, sz, zs, while y is used only in the digraphs ty, gy, ly, ny as a palatalization marker to write the sounds,, ,.
The most distinctive allophones are:
- becomes if between a voiceless obstruent and a word boundary.
- becomes e.g. between voiced obstruents, such as dobj be 'throw in'
- may become between two vowels, after front vowels, and word-finally after back vowels if it is not deleted.
- : According to Gósy, it becomes in words such as pech, ihlet, technika, while it becomes postvelar fricative in words such as doh, sah, jacht, Allah, eunuch, potroh.
- becomes when geminated, in certain words: dohhal , peches .
Vowels
- are phonetically near-close.
- has been variously described as close-mid and mid.
- and the marginal are phonetically near-open, but they may be somewhat less open in other dialects.
- is phonetically mid.
- and the marginal are phonetically open central.
There are two more marginal sounds, namely the long as well as the long. They are used in the name of the letters E and A, which are pronounced and, respectively.
Although not found in Budapest, some dialects contrast three mid vowels,, and, with the latter being written in some works, but not in the standard orthography. Thus mentek could represent four different words: mëntëk , mëntek , mentëk , and mentek . In Budapest, the first three collapse to, while the latter one is unknown, having a different form in the literary language.
Vowel harmony
As in Finnish, Turkish, and Mongolian, vowel harmony plays an important part in determining the distribution of vowels in a word. Hungarian vowel harmony classifies the vowels according to front vs. back assonance and rounded vs unrounded for the front vowels. Excluding recent loanwords, Hungarian words have either only back vowels or front vowels due to these vowel harmony rules.While,,, and are all front unrounded vowels, they are considered to be "neutral vowels" in Hungarian vowel harmony. Therefore, if a word contains back vowels, neutral vowels may appear alongside them. However, if only neutral vowels appear in a stem, the stem is treated as though it is of front vowel assonance and all suffixes must contain front vowels.
Vowel harmony in Hungarian is most notable when observing suffixation. Vowel harmony must be maintained throughout the entire word, meaning that most suffixes have variants. For example, the dative case marker vs.. Stems that contain back vowels affix back vowel suffixes, and stems that contain only front vowels affix front vowel suffixes. However, the front vowel stems distinguish rounded vs. unroundedness based on the last vowel in the stem. If the last vowel is front and rounded, it takes a suffix with a front rounded vowel; otherwise it follows the standard rules. While suffixes for most words have front/back vowel variants, there are not many that have rounded/unrounded variants, indicating that this is a rarer occurrence.
One is able to observe the distinction when looking at the plural affix, either , , or .
As can be seen above, the neutral vowels are able to be in both front and back vowel assonance words with no consequence.
However, there are about fifty monosyllabic roots that only contain,, or that all take a back vowel suffix instead of the front vowel suffix.
These exceptions to the rule are hypothesized to have originated from the roots originally having contained a phoneme no longer present in modern Hungarian, the unrounded back vowel, or its long counterpart. It is theorized that while these vowels merged with or, less commonly or, the vowel harmony rules sensitive to the backness of the original sound remained in place. The theory finds support from etymology: related words in other languages generally have back vowels, often specifically unrounded back vowels. For example, nyíl 'arrow' corresponds to Komi ньыл, Southern Mansi.
Assimilation
The overall characteristics of the consonant assimilation in Hungarian are the following:- Assimilation types are typically regressive, that is the last element of the cluster determines the change.
- In most cases, it works across word boundaries if the sequence of words form an "accentual unity", that is there is no phonetic break between them. Typical accentual units are:
- * attributes and qualified nouns, e.g. hideg tél ;
- * adverbs and qualified attributes, e.g. nagyon káros ~ ;
- * verbs and their complements, e.g. nagyot dob , vesz belőle .
- There are obligatory, optional and stigmatized types of assimilation.
- The palatal affricates behave like stops in assimilation processes. Therefore, in this section, they will be treated as stops, including their IPA notations and.
Voice assimilation
- In obstruent clusters, retrograde voicing assimilation occurs, even across word boundaries:
- is unusual in that it undergoes assimilation but does not cause voicing, e.g. hatvan is pronounced not. Voicing before occurs only in south-western dialects, though it is stigmatized.
- Similarly, causes devoicing, but never undergoes voicing in consonant clusters. e.g. dohból 'from musty smell'.
- Other than a few foreign words, morpheme-initial does not occur, therefore it is hard to find a real example when it induces voicing. However, the regressive voice assimilation before does occur even in nonsense sound sequences.
Nasal place assimilation
- only precedes a velar consonant, precedes a labiodental consonant, and precedes bilabial consonants.
- * before labial consonants : színpad , különb , énmagam ;
- * before labiodental consonants : különféle , hamvas ;
- * before palatal consonants : pinty , ángy , magánnyomozó ;
- * before velar consonants : munka , angol ;
- Nasal place assimilation is obligatory within the word, but optional across a word or compound boundary, e.g. szénpor ~ , nagyon káros ~ , olyan más ~ .
Sibilant assimilation
- Voiceless sibilants form a voiceless geminate affricate with preceding alveolar and palatal stops :
- * Clusters ending in sz or c give : metszet 'engraving, segment', ötödször 'for the fifth time', négyszer 'four times', füttyszó 'whistle '; átcipel 's/he lugs over', nádcukor 'cane-sugar'.
- * Clusters ending in s or cs give : kétség 'doubt', fáradság 'trouble', egység 'unity', hegycsúcs 'mountain-top'.
- Two sibilant fricatives form a geminate sibilant fricative; the assimilation is regressive as usual:
- * sz or z + s gives : egészség 'health', község 'village, community';
- * sz or z + zs gives : vadászzsákmány 'hunter's game'; száraz zsömle 'dry bread roll';
- * s or zs + sz gives : kisszerű 'petty', rozsszalma 'rye straw';
- * s or zs + z gives : tilos zóna 'restricted zone', parázs zene 'hot music'.
- * Clusters zs+s, s+zs, z+sz and sz+z are rather the subject of the voice assimilation.
- If one of the two adjacent sibilants is an affricate, the first one changes its place of articulation, e.g. malacság, halászcsárda 'Hungarian fish restaurant'. Sibilant affricate–fricative sequences like are pronounced the same as geminate affricate during normal speech.
- Sibilant assimilation can be omitted in articulated speech, e.g. to avoid homophony: rozsszalma ~ 'rye straw' ≠ rossz szalma 'straw of bad quality', and rossz alma 'apple of bad quality' as well.
- NB. Letter cluster szs can be read either as sz+s, e.g. egészség 'health', or as s+zs, e.g. liszteszsák 'bolting-bag' depending on the actual morpheme boundary. Similarly zsz is either zs + z, e.g. varázszár 'magic lock', or z + sz, e.g. házszám 'street-number'; and csz: cs + z ~ c + sz. Moreover, single digraphs may prove to be two adjacent letters on morpheme boundary, like cs: cs ~ c + s ; sz: sz ~ s + z, zs: zs ~ z + s.
Palatal assimilation
- Full palatal assimilation occurs when the ending palatal consonant is j : nagyja 'most of it', adja 's/he gives it'; tolja 's/he pushes it'; unja 's/he is bored with it', hányja 's/he throws it'; látja 's/he sees it', atyja 'his/her father'. The cluster lyj is a simple orthographic variant of jj : folyjon 'let it flow'.
- Partial assimilation takes place if an alveolar stop is followed by a palatal gy, ty : hadgyakorlat 'army exercises', nemzetgyűlés 'national assembly'; vadtyúk 'wild chicken', hat tyúk 'six hens'.
- Some sources report that alveolar stops change into their palatal counterparts before ny : lúdnyak 'neck of a goose', átnyúlik 'it extends over'. The majority of the sources do not mention this kind of assimilation.
- When the first consonant is nasal, the partial palatal assimilation is a form of the nasal place assimilation.
- The full palatal assimilation is an obligatory feature in the standard Hungarian: its omission is stigmatized and it is considered as a hypercorrection of an undereducated person. Partial palatal assimilation is optional in articulated speech.
Degemination
Intercluster elision
The middle alveolar stops may be omitted in clusters with more than two consonants, depending on speed and articulation of speech: azt hiszem ~ 'I presume/guess', mindnyájan 'one and all', különbség ~ 'difference'. In morpheme onsets like str-, middle stops tends to be more stable in educated speech, falanxstratégia ~ ~ 'strategy based on phalanxes'.Elision of
- assimilates to a following .
Hiatus
Standard Hungarian prefers hiatus between adjacent vowels. However some optional dissolving features can be observed:- An optional weak glide may be pronounced within a word between two adjacent vowels if one of them is i, e.g. fiaiéi ~ . This, however, is rarely transcribed.
- Adjacent identical short vowels other than a and e may be pronounced as the corresponding long vowel, e.g. zoológia ~ .
- Adjacent double i is always pronounced as single short in the word endings, e.g. Hawaii. This reduction is reflected in the current orthography when the adjective-forming suffix -i is added to a noun ending in i. In this case suffix -i is omitted also in writing. e.g. Lenti + -i → lenti 'of Lenti'.
Stress