Mathematically, a HGG is a graph with a vertex setV and an edge set E constructed by considering the nodes as points placed onto a 2-dimensional hyperbolic space of constant negative Gaussian curvature, and cut-off radius, i.e. the radius of the Poincaré disk which can be visualized using a hyperboloid model. Each point has hyperbolic polar coordinates with and. The hyperbolic law of cosines allows to measure the distance between two points and, The angle is the angle between the two position vectors. In the simplest case, an edge is established iff two nodes are within a certain neighborhood radius ,, this corresponds to an influence threshold.
Connectivity decay function
In general, a link will be established with a probability depending on the distance . A connectivity decay function represents the probability of assigning an edge to a pair of nodes at distance. In this framework, the simple case of hard-code neighborhood like in random geometric graphs is referred to as truncation decay function.
Generating hyperbolic geometric graphs
Krioukov et al. describe how to generate hyperbolic geometric graphs with uniformly random node distribution on a disk of radius in. These graphs yield a power-law distribution for the node degrees. The angular coordinate of each point/node is chosen uniformly random from, while the density function for the radial coordinate r is chosen according to the probability distribution : The growth parameter controls the distribution: For, the distribution is uniform in, for smaller values the nodes are distributed more towards the center of the disk and for bigger values more towards the border. In this model, edges between nodes and exist iff or with probability if a more general connectivity decay function is used. The average degree is controlled by the radius of the hyperbolic disk. It can be shown, that for the node degrees follow a power law distribution with exponent. The image depicts randomly generated graphs for different values of and in. It can be seen how has an effect on the distribution of the nodes and on the connectivity of the graph. The native representation where the distance variables have their true hyperbolic values is used for the visualization of the graph, therefore edges are straight lines.
Quadratic complexity generator
The naive algorithm for the generation of hyperbolic geometric graphs distributes the nodes on the hyperbolic disk by choosing the angular and radial coordinates of each point are sampled randomly. For every pair of nodes an edge is then inserted with the probability of the value of the connectivity decay function of their respective distance. The pseudocode looks as follows: fortodo
for every pair do ifthen
return is the number of nodes to generate, the distribution of the radial coordinate by the probability density function is achieved by using inverse transform sampling. denotes the uniform sampling of a value in the given interval. Because the algorithm checks for edges for all pairs of nodes, the runtime is quadratic. For applications where is big, this is not viable any more and algorithms with subquadratic runtime are needed.
Sub-quadratic generation
To avoid checking for edges between every pair of nodes, modern generators use additional data structures that partition the graph into bands. A visualization of this shows a hyperbolic graph with the boundary of the bands drawn in orange. In this case, the partitioning is done along the radial axis. Points are stored sorted by their angular coordinate in their respective band. For each point, the limits of its hyperbolic circle of radius can be estimated and used to only perform the edge-check for points that lie in a band that intersects the circle. Additionally, the sorting within each band can be used to further reduce the number of points to look at by only considering points whose angular coordinate lie in a certain range around the one of . Using this and other extensions of the algorithm, time complexities of are possible with high probability.
HGGs have been suggested as promising model for social networks where the hyperbolicity appears through a competition between similarity and popularity of an individual.
